Synopsis of Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra (Euphorbiaceae) in South America

As part of the systematic study of the tribes Ditaxeae and Adelieae (Acalyphoideae-Euphorbiaceae), here we compile and present a taxonomic synopsis for the South American taxa of Argythamnia, Chiropetalum, and Philyra. We recognize 22 species for Argythamnia, including one herein described as a new species, 20 species and one variety for Chiropetalum, and a single species for Philyra. We also designate 22 lectotypes, a new synonymization and a status novum, in addition to keys for each genus, distribution maps for all taxa, analysis of collection density in South America for each genus, and taxonomic and ecological comments for all taxa.

Keywords:
Acalyphoideae; Adelieae; Ditaxis; Ditaxineae; nomenclatural novelties; taxonomy

Authorship

Josimar Külkamp ^* Author for correspondence: josimarbotanica@gmail.com

Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroBrasilRio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Botânica. Capão do Leão, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de PelotasBrasilCapão do Leão, RS, Brasil Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Botânica. Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-2930

João R.V. Iganci

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrasilPorto Alegre, RS, Brasil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-3666

Yocupitzia Ramírez-Amezcua

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Facultad de Biología, Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular. Morelia, Michoacán, MexicoUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMéxicoMorelia, Michoacán, MéxicoUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Facultad de Biología, Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular. Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-8016

Inês Cordeiro

Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade. São Paulo, SP, Brazil Instituto de Pesquisas AmbientaisBrasilSão Paulo, SP, Brasil Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade. São Paulo, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-5280

José Fernando Andrade Baumgratz

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-293X

Author for correspondence:
josimarbotanica@gmail.com

Editor-in-Chief:

Thaís Elias Almeida

Associate Editor:

Nádia Roque

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1.
Diagnostic morphological characters for Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra in South America. A. Pistillate flower of Argythamnia desertorum showing sepals, petals and bifid styles. B. Pistillate flower of Chiropetalum phalacradenium showing sepals, floral nectaries (indicated by the red arrow) and bifid styles (notice petals absence). C. Pistillate flower of Philyra brasiliensis with sepals, petals and multifid styles. D. Fruit of Argythamnia jablonskyana with entire styles. E. Staminate flower of Chiropetalum griseum with lobed petals and glabrous nectaries (indicated by the red arrow). F. Fruit of Philyra brasiliensis with multifidus styles. G. Staminate flower of Argythamnia sellowiana with entire petals and stamens distributed in two whorls. H. Staminate flower of Chiropetalum phalacradenium with glabrous floral nectaries and stamens distributed in a whorl. I. Staminate flower of Philyra brasiliensis with entire petals and stamens distributed in two whorls. J. Simple (*), stellate (+) and malpighiaceous (^) trichomes. K. Branch of Chiropetalum griseum without thorns. L. Branch of Philyra brasiliensis with a pair of thorns at the base of the leaves. Scale bar of figures A-I corresponds to ca. 4 mm, in J ca. 0.4 mm and K-L ca. 3 cm. Photos A, B, D, E, H, I, K & L - Josimar Külkamp; C & F - Pedro Acevedo; G - Andres Gonzales; illustration in J by Rafaela Marchioretto.

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Figure 2.
A-C. Geographic distribution of Argythamnia species in South America

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Figure 3.
Collection density from Kernel analysis of Chiropetalum (A), Argythamnia (B), and Philyra (C) in South America; the color intensity corresponds to the number of samples collected.

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Figure 4.
Argythamnia alcalina . A. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest registered in Santo Hipólito, Minas Gerais, Brazil. B. Habit. C. Vegetation on soil with limestone outcrop, consisting of regrowth after total suppression of the area. D. Branch. E. Young individual registered in the type population. F. Abaxial surface of the leaf with evident veins. G. Inflorescence. Photos by J.Külkamp, based on the type specimen.

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Figure 5.
A-C. Geographic distribution of Chiropetalum species in South America.

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Figure 6.
Geographic distribution of Philyra.

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Table 1.
Main diagnostic morphological features to recognize the genera Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra in South America.

Figure 1. Diagnostic morphological characters for Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra in South America. A. Pistillate flower of Argythamnia desertorum showing sepals, petals and bifid styles. B. Pistillate flower of Chiropetalum phalacradenium showing sepals, floral nectaries (indicated by the red arrow) and bifid styles (notice petals absence). C. Pistillate flower of Philyra brasiliensis with sepals, petals and multifid styles. D. Fruit of Argythamnia jablonskyana with entire styles. E. Staminate flower of Chiropetalum griseum with lobed petals and glabrous nectaries (indicated by the red arrow). F. Fruit of Philyra brasiliensis with multifidus styles. G. Staminate flower of Argythamnia sellowiana with entire petals and stamens distributed in two whorls. H. Staminate flower of Chiropetalum phalacradenium with glabrous floral nectaries and stamens distributed in a whorl. I. Staminate flower of Philyra brasiliensis with entire petals and stamens distributed in two whorls. J. Simple (), stellate (+) and malpighiaceous (^) trichomes. K. Branch of Chiropetalum griseum* without thorns. L. Branch of Philyra brasiliensis with a pair of thorns at the base of the leaves. Scale bar of figures A-I corresponds to ca. 4 mm, in J ca. 0.4 mm and K-L ca. 3 cm. Photos A, B, D, E, H, I, K & L - Josimar Külkamp; C & F - Pedro Acevedo; G - Andres Gonzales; illustration in J by Rafaela Marchioretto.

Figure 2. A-C. Geographic distribution of Argythamnia species in South America

Figure 3. Collection density from Kernel analysis of Chiropetalum (A), Argythamnia (B), and Philyra (C) in South America; the color intensity corresponds to the number of samples collected.

Figure 4. Argythamnia alcalina . A. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest registered in Santo Hipólito, Minas Gerais, Brazil. B. Habit. C. Vegetation on soil with limestone outcrop, consisting of regrowth after total suppression of the area. D. Branch. E. Young individual registered in the type population. F. Abaxial surface of the leaf with evident veins. G. Inflorescence. Photos by J.Külkamp, based on the type specimen.

Figure 5. A-C. Geographic distribution of Chiropetalum species in South America.

Figure 6. Geographic distribution of Philyra.

Table 1. Main diagnostic morphological features to recognize the genera Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra in South America.

Character	Argythamnia	Chiropetalum	Philyra
Number of petals in pistillate flowers	0-5	0 (rarely 5)	5
Shape of petals in staminate flowers	Entire	Lobed	Entire
Number of stamens	7-10	3-6	10
Number of whorls in staminal column	2	1	2
Thorns	Absent	Absent	Present
Stellate trichomes	Absent	Present or absent	Absent
Malpighiaceous trichomes	Present	Present	Absent
Stigma and style partitions	Entire, bifid or trifid	Bifid	Multifid
Floral nectaries	Present	Present	Absent

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Synopsis of Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Philyra (Euphorbiaceae) in South America

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[1] Author for correspondence:
josimarbotanica@gmail.com