ABSTRACT
The obstacles in Phakopsora pachyrhizi management result especially from susceptible soybean genotypes and resistant fungal strains. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the applicability of the emission of extremely low and specific frequencies by Effatha technology in the soybean Asian rust control, nutrition, and its impact on yield. The in-vivo test followed the detached leaves method, with six treatments: frequencies 1 and 2 individually and in association; the conventional chemical treatment (fungicide azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr); and witnesses in presence and absence of the fungus. Frequency 1 relates to inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and 2 to ubiquinone oxidase. In the field, frequencies 1 and 2 associated (with the same fungicidal action of the in-vivo study); nutritional frequency; application of azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + mancozeb, and control without application were evaluated. In vivo, the fungicide provided 85% control of the disease symptoms, against 65% of frequencies 1 and 2 in association, which showed a higher efficiency compared to the isolated frequencies. In the field, the rate of increase of symptoms were reduced by all treatments compared to the control. At the end of the soybean cycle, the conventional fungicide resulted in 33% severity against 56% of frequencies 1 and 2 associated, and 69.2% of the control. The emission of the frequency for increased nutrient efficiency stood out positively on yield in relation to all the other ones. The conventional application provided the highest weight of 1,000 grains, possibly a direct reflection of the better control of the disease.
Keywords
Effatha technology; nutrients; fungicides; field conditions; Asian rust
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CV (%): 1.9 [original data were transformed into arc sine ; *averages followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% significance level; 1: frequency 1, succinate dehydrogenase; 2: frequency 2, ubiquinone oxidase; 3: associated frequencies 1 + 2; 4: fungicide benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin; 5: positive control (inoculated leaflets); 6: negative control (no inoculation). Source: Elaborated by the authors.
CV (%): 11 (bottom), 7 (middle) and 5.5 (top); *averages followed by the same letters between the columns, for each third of the plant, did notÝiffer by Tukey’s test at 5% significance level; 1: fungicide frequencies with action on the enzymes succinitate dehydrogenase + ubiquinone oxidase; 2: nutritional frequency; 3: application of the fungicides (benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin) + mancozeb + adjuvant; 4: control. Source: Elaborated by the authors.
CV (%): 14.8; *averages followed by the same letters do not differ by Duncan’s test at 5% significance level; T1: fungicide frequencies with action on the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase + ubiquinone oxidase; T2: nutritional frequency; T3: application of the fungicides (benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin) + mancozeb + adjuvant; T4: control. Source: Elaborated by the authors.
CV %: 4.4; *averages followed by the same letters do not differ by Duncan’s test at 5% significance level; T1: fungicide frequencies with action on the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase + ubiquinone oxidase; T2: nutritional frequency; T3: application of the fungicides (benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin) + mancozeb + adjuvant; T4: control. Source: elaborated by the authors.