Frenologia e o Genocídio de Ruanda

Os colonizadores belgas usaram a frenologia para criar uma divisão irredutível entre os dois maiores grupos populacionais vivendo há séculos em Ruanda-Urundi. Isso criou as bases para a implementação de esforços sistemáticos para subjugar a grande população Hutu. Tanto os Hutu quanto o grupo menor e inicialmente privilegiado dos Tutsi logo incorporaram o discurso racista, que foi crucial no aumento gradual da violência antes e após a independência de Ruanda em 1962. O genocídio de 1994 constituiu o terrível ápice deste processo envolvendo massacres repetidos. Os médicos não devem subestimar o potencial racista e discriminatório de falsas concepções pseudocientíficas.

Palavras-chave:
genocídio; história do século 20; frenologia; racismo

Autoria

Charles André Correspondence: Charles André; Departamento de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ; Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / sala 10E36; 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil; E-mail: dr.charles.andre@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrasilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil

Correspondence: Charles André; Departamento de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ; Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / sala 10E36; 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil; E-mail: dr.charles.andre@gmail.com

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

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Figuras

Figuras (3)

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Figure 1
Identity cards of two Rwandan Tutsis. Delivered in the 1950s by Belgian authorities, they show date and city of birth, profession, name of spouse, and children's birthdays as late as the 1990s.¹⁴14. Differences in characteristics. [s.d.] [cited 2017 Sep 10]. Available from: http://theedge.com.hk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tutsi-and-Hutu-people.png
http://theedge.com.hk/wp-content/uploads... ^,¹⁵15. Juvénal Habyarimana. Wikipedia. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9n...

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Figure 2
Craniology as deemed by Belgian specialists in Rwanda in the 1930s. Belgian specialists came to evaluate people, using typical instruments. Still images retrieved from the film “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace 3 of 3 Monkey in the Machine, 2011”¹²12. Curtis A. All watched over by machines of loving grace 3 of 3 monkey in the machine. 2011 [cited 2017 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0LQzkaZ2g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0LQzka... .

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Figure 3
A. Charts used to help differentiate Hutu and Tutsi people¹⁷17. Shifman K. From child refugee to Rwanda's reconciliation president. In: Scream Bloody Murder. 2008. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/13/sbm.rwanda.kagame/index.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa... . B. Symbolic examples of Rwandans of Hutu and Tutsi background: president Juvénal Habyarimana (1937-1994) who ruled from 1973 until his death in 1994¹⁸18. Juvénal Habyarimana. Wikipedia. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9n... ; and President Paul Kagame (n.1954), current president since 2000²⁸28. Wikiwand. Frenology. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: http://www.wikiwand.com/id/Frenologi
http://www.wikiwand.com/id/Frenologi...

Figure 1 Identity cards of two Rwandan Tutsis. Delivered in the 1950s by Belgian authorities, they show date and city of birth, profession, name of spouse, and children's birthdays as late as the 1990s.¹⁴14. Differences in characteristics. [s.d.] [cited 2017 Sep 10]. Available from: http://theedge.com.hk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tutsi-and-Hutu-people.png
http://theedge.com.hk/wp-content/uploads... ^,¹⁵15. Juvénal Habyarimana. Wikipedia. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9n...

Figure 2 Craniology as deemed by Belgian specialists in Rwanda in the 1930s. Belgian specialists came to evaluate people, using typical instruments. Still images retrieved from the film “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace 3 of 3 Monkey in the Machine, 2011”¹²12. Curtis A. All watched over by machines of loving grace 3 of 3 monkey in the machine. 2011 [cited 2017 Aug 25]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0LQzkaZ2g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0LQzka... .

Figure 3 A. Charts used to help differentiate Hutu and Tutsi people¹⁷17. Shifman K. From child refugee to Rwanda's reconciliation president. In: Scream Bloody Murder. 2008. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/13/sbm.rwanda.kagame/index.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa... . B. Symbolic examples of Rwandans of Hutu and Tutsi background: president Juvénal Habyarimana (1937-1994) who ruled from 1973 until his death in 1994¹⁸18. Juvénal Habyarimana. Wikipedia. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9n... ; and President Paul Kagame (n.1954), current president since 2000²⁸28. Wikiwand. Frenology. [s.d.] [cited 2018 Apr 02]. Available from: http://www.wikiwand.com/id/Frenologi
http://www.wikiwand.com/id/Frenologi...

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[1] Correspondence: Charles André; Departamento de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ; Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / sala 10E36; 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil; E-mail: dr.charles.andre@gmail.com