| Haddad NS., et al (2014)(66. Haddad NS, Istepanian R, Philip N, Khazaal FA, Hamdan TA, Pickles T, et al. A feasibility study of mobile phone text messaging to support education and management of type 2 diabetes in Iraq. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(7):454-9.)
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“Honey and dates cannot be consumed freely as they may disrupt diabetes control”; “If you forget to take your medication and remember 1 or 2 hours later, take it. If it takes longer, take your next tablet at the usual time”; “Take care of your feet. Foot problems can occur if you have diabetes; however, yours is being treated”; “Check your blood sugar four hours after meals and not immediately after eating”; “Visit us at the Diabetes Center to check your hemoglobin A1c” |
BT and Q. |
Improvement of HbA1c levels and knowledge about the disease. |
| Kim HS (2007)(1717. Kim HS. A randomized controlled trial of a nurse short-message service by cellular phone for people with diabetes. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(5):687-92.)
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“Please decrease long-acting insulin in two units”; “Please add one sulphonylurea tablet at night”; “Please note the amount you are eating”; “Lack of exercise may be the cause of high glucose level”; “Your glucose control seems to be good”; |
BT. |
Reduction of HbA1c levels comparing the intervention group with itself but there was no improvement comparing this to the control group. |
| Yoon KH, Kim HS (2008)(1818. Yoon KH, Kim HS. A short message service by cellular phone in type 2 diabetic patients for 12 months. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;79(2):256-61.)
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“Please decrease long-acting insulin in two units”; “Please add one sulphonylurea tablet at night”; “Please note the amount you are eating”; “Lack of exercise may be the cause of high glucose level”; “Your glucose control seems to be good”; |
BT. |
Reduction of HbA1c levels comparing the intervention group with itself but there was no improvement comparing this to the control group. |
| Hanauer DA., et al (2009)(1919. Hanauer DA, Wentzell K, Laffel N, Laffel LM. Computerized Automated Reminder Diabetes System (CARDS): e-mail and SMS cell phone text messaging reminders to support diabetes management. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(2):99-106.)
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“Did you know? 250 ml of soda has 10 teaspoons of sugar”; “Butterflies feel the taste with their feet”; “If you missed the first reminder, it's time to check your blood sugar level”; “Just a reminder to check your blood sugar”; “Blood sugar was received. Stay up the good work!”; |
BT. |
There was no difference in HbA1c levels between groups. |
| Horner GN., et al (2017)(2020. Horner GN, Agboola S, Jethwani K, Tan-McGrory A, Lopez L. Designing patient-centered text messaging interventions for increasing physical activity among participants with type 2 diabetes: Qualitative results from the text to move intervention. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5(4):e54.)
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GR |
Increasing the individual's connection with his health center, creating a sense of responsibility in the participants |
| Nundy S., et al (2013)(2121. Nundy S, Dick JJ, Solomon MC, Peek ME. Developing a behavioral model for mobile phone-based diabetes interventions. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;90(1):125-32.)
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“Check your feet today”; “It's time to take your medications for diabetes”; “How many days did you take your medications?”; “How many times have you checked your feet this week?”; |
GR |
Improvement in the disease acceptance and reinforcement of the idea of the importance of self-care practices. |
| Osborn CY, Mulvaney SA (2013)(2222. Osborn CY, Mulvaney SA. Development and feasibility of a text messaging and interactive voice response intervention for low-income, diverse adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2013;7(3):612-22.)
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“If you have difficulty going to the pharmacy, ask the doctor to prescribe 90 days of supply of your medications”; “ If you are tired of taking medications for diabetes, talk to someone you trust and also has diabetes”; “It is important that you take your medications for diabetes even when you are feeling well. This will help keep your blood sugar under control”; “Everyone needs someone to talk about their diabetes. Do you know anyone who has diabetes?”; “If you have any side effects from your medications for diabetes, ask your doctor if you can take a different medication that does not have this side effect”; |
GR |
Change of habits regarding medications and greater awareness about the importance of taking care of the disease. |
| Nelson LA., et al (2016)(2323. Nelson LA, Mayberry LS, Wallston K, Kripalani S, Bergner EM, Osborn CY. Development and Usability of REACH: A tailored theory-based text messaging intervention for disadvantaged adults with type 2 diabetes. JMIR Human Factors. 2016;3(2):e23.)
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“Taking your diabetes medications will help you stay healthy for all the important things in your life”; “It may be difficult to reconcile time for physical exercise with your busy schedule. Try to determine small goals and build your success”; “Try baking, cooking or grilling your food. Use small portions of good oils such as canola and olive oil instead of the fat ones”; “Monitoring your blood sugar levels at different times of the day can give you an idea of different things that affect these”; |
GR. |
Participants found the messages useful and reported that they did not feel more alone in caring for the disease, and more motivated to practice self-care. |
| Fortmann AL., et al (2017)(44. Fortmann AL, Gallo LC, Garcia MI, Taleb M, Euyoque JA, Clark T, et al. Dulce Digital: An mHealth SMS-Based intervention improves glycemic control in hispanics with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(10):1349-55.)
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“Use small plates! Portions will look larger and you may feel more satisfied after eating”; “It takes a team! Get the support you need with your family, friends, and support groups that can help you succeed”; “Tick, tock. Take your medications on the same time every day!”; “Time to check your blood sugar. Please send back your results”; |
BT |
HbA1c levels were reduced in the intervention group. |
| Peimani M et al (2016)(2424. Peimani M, Rambod C, Omidvar M, Larijani B, Ghodssi-Ghassemabadi R, Tootee A, et al. Effectiveness of short message service-based intervention (SMS) on self-care in type 2 diabetes: A feasibility study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(4):251-8.)
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– |
BT and Q. |
Reduced fasting blood sugar levels; reduction of disease barriers; and increased self-care. In contrast, there was an increase in BMI and absence of significant changes in HbA1c and in the lipid profile. |
| Dick JJ., et al (2011)(2525. Dick JJ, Nundy S, Solomon MC, Bishop KN, Chin MH, Peek ME. Feasibility and usability of a text message-based program for diabetes self-management in an urban African-American population. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5(5):1246-54.)
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“Have you taken your medications for diabetes today?”; “How many times have you checked your feet this week?”; |
Q |
Improvement of individuals’ confidence regarding self-care and lower rates of forgetting medication. |
| Capozza K., et al (2015)(2626. Capozza K, Woolsey S, Georgsson M, Black J, Bello N, Lence C, et al. Going mobile with diabetes support: a randomized study of a text message-based personalized behavioral intervention for type 2 diabetes self-care. Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(2):83-91.)
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“Have you had your blood test in the last 6 months? An A1C test accurately measures blood glucose, but you need to do this in your doctor's office”; “How are you? Feeling stressed with diabetes is normal. Getting support will help you feel better and control your glucose. Ask for help when you need it.” |
BT |
There were no differences in HbA1c between the control group and the intervention group. |
| Arora S., et al (2012)(1212. Arora S, Peters AL, Agy C, Menchine M. A mobile health intervention for inner city patients with poorly controlled diabetes: proof-of-concept of the TExT-MED program. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(6):492-6.)
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“Having diabetes can lead to a heart attack or stroke, but can be prevented”; “Controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol can mean a longer and healthier life”; “Eat more fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains and less salt and fat”; “Medications reminder! Do not leave home without your medications “; “Challenge! Do not drink soda or juice today. Drink only water or milk”; “Challenge! Eat a meal today that has just vegetables”; “Challenge! Look at the food labels and find a snack that has less than 100 calories”; “What is a normal blood sugar level?”; |
BT and Q. |
Improved intake of fruits and vegetables daily; increased physical activity practice; improvement in foot care; and greater compliance with medications. However, there were no significant changes in HbA1c and in knowledge about the disease. |
| Hassan ZM (2017)(2727. Hassan ZM. Mobile phone text messaging to improve knowledge and practice of diabetic foot care in a developing country: feasibility and outcomes. Int J Nurs Pract. 2017;23(Suppl 1):1-6.)
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“Please dry between your toes”; “Look every day for cuts, sores, blisters, redness, calluses, or other problems”; “Checking your feet even/ day is even more important if you have nerve damage or poor blood flow”; “If you cannot see well, have someone check your feet”; |
Q |
Increased knowledge about foot care and increased care practices with the feet. |
| Burner ER., et al (2014)(1111. Burner ER, Menchine MD, Kubicek K, Robles M, Arora S. Perceptions of successful cues to action and opportunities to augment behavioral triggers in diabetes self-management: qualitative analysis of a mobile intervention for low-income Latinos with diabetes. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(1):e25.)
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– |
GR |
Improved diabetes control. |
| Shetty AS., et al (2011)(1010. Shetty AS, Chamukuttan S, Nanditha A, Raj RK, Ramachandran A. Reinforcement of adherence to prescription recommendations in Asian Indian diabetes patients usingshort message service (SMS)--a pilot study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:711-4.)
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– |
BT and Q. |
Improved of HbA1c and plasma lipids levels. There were no significant differences between the intervention group and the control group regarding compliance with the diet and greater practice of physical activity. |
| Vervloet M., et al (2014)(2828. Vervloet M, van Dijk L, de Bakker DH, Souverein PC, Santen-Reestman J, van Vlijmen B, et al. Short- and long-term effects of real-time medication monitoring with short message service (SMS) reminders for missed doses on the refill adherence of people with Type 2 diabetes: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2014;31(7):821-8.)
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“Have you been taking your mediation? Please take your medication as prescribed by your healthcare provider”; |
CM |
Compliance with the use of medications, with similar efficacy results in the short (1 year) and long term (2 years). |
| Abaza H, Marschollek M (2017)(55. Abaza H, Marschollek M. SMS education for the promotion of diabetes self-management in low & middle income countries: A pilot randomized controlled trial in Egypt. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):962.)
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“Do not forget to check your blood glucose and weight levels tomorrow, and record the result on your monitoring desk”; |
BT and Q. |
Reduced HbA1C levels, greater compliance with medications and higher scores of knowledge about the disease and considerable improvements in the treatment of this. |
| Agboola S., et al (2016)(2929. Agboola S, Jethwani K, Lopez L, Searl M, O'Keefe S, Kvedar J. Text to move: A randomized controlled trial of a text-messaging program to improve physical activity behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(11):e307.)
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“What are some of the benefits of becoming more physically active?”; “What are the benefits of staying the same?”; “How can you add other steps to your regular physical activity? Could you climb the stairs instead of using the elevator?”; “How would you rate your stress level in the last few weeks?”; |
BT and SC. |
Increased physical movement of users and reduction of HbA1c. |
| Gatwood J., et al (2016)(3030. Gatwood J, Balkrishnan R, Erickson SR, An LC, Piette JD, Farris KB. The impact of tailored text messages on health beliefs and medication adherence in adults with diabetes: A randomized pilot study. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2016;12(1):130-40.)
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– |
CM |
There were no changes between the control and intervention groups regarding compliance with medications, and health beliefs and attitudes. |
| Nelson LA., et al (2016)(3131. Nelson LA, Mulvaney SA, Gebretsadik T, Johnson KB, Osborn CY. The MEssaging for Diabetes (MED) intervention improves short-term medication adherence among low-income adults with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med. 2016;39(6):995-1000.)
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“It is important that you take your medications for diabetes as prescribed. Doing this can help you live longer”; “If you have trouble remembering to take your medications for diabetes, try linking them to other activities you do every day”; “Everyone needs someone to talk about their diabetes. How can your family or friends help you with your diabetes? Let them know”; |
BT |
Responding to text messages was marginally related to better compliance with the program. There were no significant differences between HbA1C from the control and intervention groups. |
| Arora S., et al (2014)(99. Arora S, Peters AL, Burner E, Lam CN, Menchine M. Trial to examine text message-based mHealth in emergency department patients with diabetes (TExT-MED): a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(6):745-54.e6.)
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“Having diabetes can lead to a heart attack or stroke, but can be prevented”; “Controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol can mean a longer and healthier life”; “Eat more fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains and less salt and fat”; “Medications reminder! Do not leave home without your medications “; “Challenge! Do not drink soda or juice today. Drink only water or milk”; “Challenge! Eat a meal today that has just vegetables”; “Challenge! Look at the food labels and find a snack that has less than 100 calories”; “Curiosities: eating too much sugar and other sweet foods causes diabetes. A. True; B. False”; |
BT and Q. |
Reduced HbA1C levels, increased compliance with medications and reduced use of emergency services. |
| Celik S., et al (2015)(3232. Celik S, Cosansu G, Erdogan S, Kahraman A, Isik S, Bayrak G, et al. Using mobile phone text messages to improve insulin injection technique and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus: a multi-centre study in Turkey. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24(11-12):1525-33.)
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“Use the insulin pen needle only once for safe and pain-free use.”; “For insulin injection, lift a skin fold with 2 or 3 fingers. Make sure you use the correct type of insulin at the right time”; “ After injecting insulin, slowly count to 10 before removing the needle”; “Store unopened insulin vials in the refrigerator at 2-8 ° C”; “In case of swelling, redness, sore or infection at the injection site, contact your nurse”; “Use a different site for each injection, at least 1 to 2 cm away from the previous site”; |
BT and Q. |
There was an improvement in insulin injection techniques and in the rotation of insulin injection sites, in addition to an improvement in HbA1c levels. |
