Multi-enzymatic complex on growth performance, blood parameters, and economic viability in piglets

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary effect of an enzymatic complex on the growth performance variables, blood parameters, and economic viability of piglets. To achieve this, we used 80 piglets (40 castrated males and 40 females) in a 2 × 2 factorial design following a randomized block experimental distribution, with two levels of metabolizable energy (adequate: 3206.09 and low: 3005.45 kcal kg^-1) and two enzyme levels (0 and 50 g ton^-1). The results showed no significant difference between treatments in the growth performance variables or blood parameters of piglets. The economic viability, economic efficiency index, and cost index were improved when we used a diet with a low energy supplemented with the enzyme complex as compared to other experimental diets. Thus, we concluded that enzyme complex supplementation can maintain growth performance and blood parameters in piglets even when they are fed low energy diets. Moreover, this could reduce production costs.

Keywords:
xylanase; non-ruminant nutrition; swine production.

Authorship

Lilian Kelly Pereira Netrebka

Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáBrazilDois Vizinhos, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil.

Patricia Rossi ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: patriciarossi@utfpr.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-2932

Paulo Segatto Cella

Carlos Alexandre Oelke

Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade Federal do PampaBrazilUruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Jackeline Dall Agnol de Lima

Pedro Valério Dutra de Moraes

Maria Antonia Michels da Souza

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: patriciarossi@utfpr.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Experimental diet compositions.

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Table 2
Growth performance in piglets supplemented with multi-enzymatic complex (MEC).

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Table 3
Biochemical parameters in the piglets’ blood.

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Table 4
Piglet erythrogram evaluation.

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Table 5
Piglet leukogram evaluation.

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Table 6
Analysis of economic viability with the use of an enzymatic complex in the piglet diet during the initial phase.

Table 1 Experimental diet compositions.

Ingredients (kg)	Low energy diet + MEC	Low energy diet without MEC	Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	Diet with adequate energy level without MEC
Corn	552.00	552.00	552.00	552.00
Soybean meal 45% PB	346.30	346.30	346.30	346.30
Soybean oil	-	-	22.80	22.80
Kaolin	31.70	31.70	8.90	8.90
Vitamin and mineral premix¹ with MEC²	70.00	-	70.00	-
Vitamin and mineral premix	-	70.00	-	70.00
TOTAL	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00	1000.00
Calculated Nutritional Levels
Crude protein (%)	20.45	20.45	20.45	20.45
Ethereal extract (%)	2.60	2.60	4.86	4.86
Crude fiber (%)	2.79	2.79	2.79	2.79
Metabolizable energy (Kcal kg^-1)	3005.45	3005.45	3206.09	3206.09
Digestible Lysine (%)	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10
Digestible methionine+cysteine (%)	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56
Digestible threonine (%)	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69
Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.22
Digestible arginine (%)	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30
Calcium (%)	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72
Total phosphorus (%)	0.58	0.58	0.58	0.58
Disponible phosphorus (%)	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35
Colistin	40.00	40.00	40.00	40.00
Multi-enzyme complex (g ton^-1)	50.00	-	50.00	-

¹Vitamin and mineral commercial premix intended for piglets.²Guaranteed levels: Xylanase (20,000 u g^-1), amylase (120,000 u g^-1), beta-glucanase (7,500 u g^-1) and mannanase (250 u g^-1).

Table 2 Growth performance in piglets supplemented with multi-enzymatic complex (MEC).

Variables Studied	FI ¹(kg^-1)	BWG² (kg^-1)	ADFI³ (kg^-1)	ADBWG⁴ (kg^-1)	FCR⁵
	Energy and MEC Effect
Low energy diet + MEC	26.821	12.810	1.276	0.609	2.108
Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	27.814	13.495	1.324	0.642	2.079
Low energy diet without MEC	28.795	12.527	1.370	0.596	2.396
Diet with adequate energy level without MEC	28.661	13.168	1.364	0.626	2.186
P-Value	ns	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns
SE**	1.862	0.956	0.088	0.045	0.165
	Energy Effect
Low energy diet	27.808	12.669	1.323	0.602	2.252
Diet with adequate energy level	28.238	13.331	1.344	0.634	2.128
P-Value	ns^*	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns
	MEC Effect
Diet with MEC	27.318	13.153	1.300	0.625	2.089
Diet without MEC	28.728	12.848	1.367	0.611	2.291
P-value	ns	ns	Ns	ns	ns
SE	1.316	0.676	0.062	0.032	0.117
***CV (%)	14.860	16.460	14.870	16.480	16.900

*ns = Not significant; **SE = Standard Error for comparison; ***CV(%) = Coefficient of Variation; ¹FI = Feed Intake; ²BWG = Body Weight Gain; ³ADFI= Average Daily Feed Intake; ⁴ADBWG = Daily Body Weight Gain; ⁵FCR = Feed Conversion Rate.

Table 3 Biochemical parameters in the piglets’ blood.

Variables studied	URE¹	Ca²	Mg³	P⁴	PROT⁵	TRG⁶	COL⁷	ALB⁸	GLO⁹
Reference levels (mg dL^-1)	21.4-64.2	7.10-11.60	2.70-3.70	5.30-9.60	7.90-8.90 (g dL^-1)	-	36.0-54.0	1.90-3.90 (g dL^-1)	-
Energy and MEC Effect
Low energy diet + MEC	40.87	10.93	2.35	10.21	5.87	36.000	77.5	2.92	2.949
Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	40.40	10.76	2.28	9.87	5.66	41.100	81.6	2.83	2.777
Low energy diet without MEC	45.27	11.08	2.27	9.52	5.64	34.800	79.6	2.92	2.713
Diet with adequate energy level without MEC	40.41	11.09	2.28	10.24	5.94	51.100	76.2	2.95	2.989
P-Value	ns*	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
SE**	2.65	0.23	0.10	0.53	0.22	7.885	5.1	0.194	0.202
Energy Effect
Low energy diet	43.07	11.00	2.31	9.86	5.75	35.400	78.5	2.92	2.831
Diet with adequate energy level	40.40	10.92	2.28	10.05	5.80	46.100	78.9	2.91	2.883
P-Value	Ns	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
MEC Effect
Diet with MEC	40.63	10.84	2.31	10.04	5.76	38.550	79.5	2.90	2.863
Diet without MEC	42.84	11.08	2.27	9.88	5.79	42.950	77.9	2.93	2.851
P-value	Ns	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
SE	1.87	0.16	0.07	0.38	0.15	5.766	3.6	0.13	0.143
***CV (%)	14.24	4.87	9.95	12.08	8.58	43.270	14.6	14.88	15.860

¹ = Reference values for biochemical parameters of piglets; * ns = not significant; **SE = Standard Error for comparison; *** CV (%) = Coefficient of Variation; ¹Urea (URE); ²Calcium (Ca); ³Magnesium (MG), ⁴ Phosphorus (P); ⁵Total Protein (PROT); ⁶ Triglycerides (TRG); ⁷ Cholesterol (COL);⁸ Albumin (ALB), and ⁹ Globulin (GLO)

Table 4 Piglet erythrogram evaluation.

Variables studied	EC (g dL^-1)¹	HMT (g.dL^-1)²	HG (g dL^-1)³	MCV (fl)⁴	MCH (pg)⁵	MCHC (%)⁶	RDW (%)⁷
Reference levels	-	-	10.0-16.0	50.0-68.0	17.0-21.0	-	-
Energy and MEC Effect
Low energy diet + MEC	6.670	38.400	12.0	57.8	18.6	32.586	22.900
Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	7.138	39.970	12.0	56.0	16.9	30.181	24.450
Low energy diet without MEC	7.012	40.770	12.2	58.1	17.5	30.136	24.160
Diet with adequate energy level without MEC	7.086	40.520	12.2	57.2	17.3	30.339	22.180
P-Value	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
SE**	0.311	2.072	0.4	1.6	0.9	1.883	1.422
Energy Effect
Low energy diet	6.814	39.585	12.1	57.9	18.1	31.361	23.530
Diet with adequate energy level	7.112	40.245	12.1	56.6	17.1	30.260	23.315
P-Value	ns*	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
MEC Effect
Diet with MEC	6.877	39.185	12.0	56.9	17.8	31.384	23.675
Diet without MEC	7.049	40.645	12.2	57.7	17.4	30.237	23.170
P-value	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
SE	0.220	1.465	0.3	1.1	0.6	1.331	1.005
***CV (%)	10.010	11.610	7.9	6.5	12.1	13.670	13.580

¹= Reference values for erythrogram parameters of piglets; * ns = Not significant; **SE = Standard Error for comparison; ***CV (%) = Coefficient of Cariation; ¹Erythrocytes (EC); ² Mean corpuscular volume (MCV); ³ Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); ⁴Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); ⁵Hemoglobin (HG); ⁶Hematocrit (HMT); ⁷ Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

Table 5 Piglet leukogram evaluation.

Variables Studied	BAS²(µL)	BST³(µL)	EO⁴(µL)	LEU⁵(µL)	LIN⁶(µL)	MNO⁷(µL)	NEU⁸(µL)	PLQ⁹(µL)	SG¹⁰(µL)
Reference	0.0- 2.0	0.0- 4.0	1.0- 11.0	11.00- 22.00	39.0- 62.0	2.0- 10.0	28.000- 47.000	100.000- 900.000	-
Energy and MEC Effect
Low energy diet + MEC	0.0	0.1^b	1.6^a	6.91	57.1	0.3	41.000	299.700	40.900
Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	0.0	1.5^a	0.3^b	7.53	45.5	0.5	53.700	239.500	52.200
Low energy diet without MEC	0.0	0.9^ab	0.6^ab	6.90	48.8	0.6	50.000	282.600	49.100
Diet with adequate energy level without MEC	0.0	0.7^ab	0.5^b	9.41	53.5	0.2	45.800	280.800	45.100
P-Value	Ns	0.0	0.0	Ns	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns
SE**	0.0	0.4	0.4	1.11	6.3	0.3	6.490	35.741	6.313
Energy Effect
Low energy diet	0.0	0.5	1.1^a	6.91	52.9	0.4	45.500	291.150	45.000
Diet with adequate energy level	0.0	1.1	0.4^b	8.47	49.5	0.3	49.750	260.150	48.650
P-Value	Ns	ns	0.0	Ns	Ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
MEC Effect
Diet with MEC	0.0	0.8	0.9	7.22	51.3	0.4	47.350	269.600	46.550
Diet without MEC	0.0	0.8	0.5	8.15	51.1	0.4	47.900	281.700	47.100
P-value	Ns	ns	ns	Ns	Ns	s	ns	ns	ns
SE	0.0	0.30	0.2	0.78	4.4	0.2	4.5898	25.273	4.4641
***CV (%)	0.0	118.5	120.4	32.30	27.5	179.7	30.48	28.99	30.15

¹ = Reference values for leukogram parameters of piglets; * ns = Not significant; **SE = Standard Error for comparison; ***CV (%) = Coefficient of Variation; a-b are different in the same column; ² Basophils (BAS); ³Rods (BST); ⁴ Eosinophil (EO); ⁵ Leukocytes (LEU); ⁶Lymphocytes (LINF); ⁷Monocytes (MNO); ⁸Platelets (PLQ); ⁹Segmented neutrophils (SG).

Table 6 Analysis of economic viability with the use of an enzymatic complex in the piglet diet during the initial phase.

	Low energy diet + MEC⁷	Low energy diet	Diet with adequate energy level + MEC	Diet with adequate energy level
FI¹	54.43	57.75	55.24	55.97
BWG²	12.92	12.45	13.48	13.13
Price³	0.85	0.84	0.91	0.90
EV⁴	3.62	4.09	3.75	3.85
EEI⁵ (%)	79.76	70.51	74.42	72.54
CI⁶ (%)	130.00	147.10	134.92	138.30

¹Ration I; ²Weight Gain; ³ Ration Price kg^-1; ⁴Economical viability; ⁵Economic efficiency Index; ⁶Cost Index; ⁷Multi-enzymatic complex.

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Multi-enzymatic complex on growth performance, blood parameters, and economic viability in piglets

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: patriciarossi@utfpr.edu.br