Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of spinefoot rabbitfish, <i>Siganus rivulatus</i>

Abdel-Aziz, M. F. A.; Zied, R. M. A.; Hassan, H. U.; Sayed, A. E.-D. H.; Ahmad, H.; Mushtaq, S.; Yaqoob, H.; Habib, A.; Arai, T.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.262969

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.262969 copy

Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A 95-day feeding study was carried out to evaluate the impact of complete replacement of fish oil by plant oils in the growth performance, feed consumption fatty acid and body composition of juvenile rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. There were four treatments i.e., A (fish oil diet), (linseed oil diet), C (soybean meal oil diet) and D (sunflower oil diet). The experimental trial was conducted in twelve 1.5-m³ fiber glass tanks (n=3). Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles had an average initial weight of 0.948 g ± 0.124 g and they were stocked at 50 fish per tank. Fish fed diet A showed significantly better growth rate, final body weight, and total body weight than fish fed on the other diets. Moreover, the best FCR was observed for diet A followed by diet C and diets B and D had the worst FCR. Fish body composition for crude protein, dry matter, ashes and gross energy at the end of the trial had not differed between the treatments. The highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in fish fed diet A followed in decreasing order by diets D, B, and C. Fish oil is a better dietary lipid source for Spinefoot rabbitfish juveniles, Siganus rivulatus, than plant oils. Among plant oils, soybean oil was better than linseed oil and sunflower oil as the main dietary fat source.

Keywords:
fish oil; plant oils; growth; feed efficiency; fatty acids; rabbit fish; Siganus rivulatus

Ingredients (g/100 g)	Diet (A)	Diet (B)	Diet (C)	Diet (D)
Fish meal (72%CP)	22	22	22	22
Wheat bran fine	28	28	28	28
Soybean meal (37% CP)	43	43	43	43
Fish oil	4	-	-	-
Linseed oil	-	4	-	-
Soybean oil	-	-	4	-
Sunflower oil	-	-	-	4
Starch	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
Vit. & Min. & premix	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Super yeast	1	1	1	1
Total	100	100	100	100
Proximate chemical analysis % on Dry matter basis
Dry matter (DM)	93.06
Ether extract (EE)	13.78
Crude protein (CP)	36.44
Moisture (M)	6.94
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)	39.02
Crude fiber (CF)	3.10
Ash	7.66
Gross energy (GE, Kcal/g)^* * Calculated in accordance with the NRC (1993).	5.09
Protein / Gross energy (P/GE)	7.16

Fatty acid		*Diet*
Fatty acid		A (FO)	B (LO)	C (SBO)	D (SFO)
C14:0	Myristic	1.90	0.80	0.91	0.26
C16:0	Palmitic	15.70	8.58	12.58	7.20
C17:0	Margaric	ND	ND	ND	ND
C18:0	Stearic	3.70	4.35	4.50	4.10
C20:0	Arachidic	ND	1.07	1.23	0.89
C22:0	Behenic	ND	ND	ND	ND
∑SFA		21.30	14.80	19.22	12.45
C15:1	Pentadecanoic	ND	ND	0.50	ND
C16:1	Palmitoleic	5.60	1.50	1.60	1.30
C18:1 ω-9	Oleic	17.32	21.70	15.00	42.44
C20:1 ω-9	Eicosenoic	1.20	0.55	4.01	5.30
C22:1 ω-9	Erucic	ND	0.24	ND	ND
∑MUFA		24.12	23.65	21.11	50.04
C18:2 ω-6	Linoleic	4.30	38.63	27.20	20.33
C18:3 ω-3	Linolenic	ND	15.22	6.53	5.12
C20:2 ω-6	Eicosadienoic	3.18	0.31	ND	ND
C20:3 ω-3	Eicosatrienoic	1.52	0.57	0.54	1.75
C20:4 ω-6	Arachidonic	3.97	4.08	21.65	5.46
C20:5 ω-3	Eicosapentaenoic	10.79	ND	ND	2.10
C22:2	Docosadienoic	3.15	2.10	3.40	1.98
C22:6 ω-3	Docosahexaenoic	27.00	ND	ND	ND
∑PUFA		53.91	61.18	59.32	36.74
Unidentified		0.67	0. 64	0.35	1.77
∑ ω-3		39.31	15.79	7.07	8.97
∑ ω-6		11.45	43.02	48.85	25.79
∑ω-3/ ∑ω-6		3.43	0.37	0.14	0.35

Parameters	Treatments (Diet oil source)
Parameters	Diet (A) Fish oil	Diet (B) Linseed oil	Diet (C) Soy bean oil	Diet (D) Sun flower oil
Temperature (ºC)	25.28±0.289	25.16±0.283	25.21±0.288	25.23±0.285
pH	8.15±0.229	8.04±0.230	8.07±0.220	8.04±0.234
Salinity ‰	33.80±0.284	33.70±0.263	33.78±0.245	33.79±0.221
EC mS/cm^* * mS/cm, millisiemens/centimeter.	48.30±0.091	48.10±0.168	47.90±0.248	48.20±0.147
DO mg/l	6.71±0.490	6.10±0.510	7.03±0.575	6.54±0.765
Nitrite, mg/l	0.028±0.001	0.018±0.001	0.033±0.001	0.025±0.002
Nitrate, mg/l	0.067±0.001	0.088±0.002	0.067±0.002	0.110±0.003
Total ammonia, mg/l	0.24±0.003	0.23±0.001	0.30±0.002	0.37±0.001

Attribute	Treatments (Diet oil source)					SED: *
Attribute	Diet (A) Fish oil	Diet (B) Linseed oil	Diet (C) Soybean oil	Diet (D) Sun flower oil		SED: *
Initial weight, (w1), g	0.948	0.948	0.948	0.948		-
Final length, (L2), cm	7.81^a	7.25^ab	7.19^ab	6.82^b		0.270
Final condition index (CIf), %	0.97^c	1.06^b	1.17^a	1.15^a		0.030
Final weight (W2), g	4.66^a	4.04^ab	4.40^ab	3.70^b		0.290
Total weight gain (TG), g	3.71^a	3.09^ab	3.45^ab	2.75^b		0.290
Average daily gain, (ADG), g/day	0.039^a	0.032^ab	0.036^ab	0.028^b		0.003
Relative growth rate (RGR),%	393.98^a	326.16^ab	364.55^ab	290.00^b		30.940
Specific growth rate (SGR/day, %)	1.67	1.52	1.61	1.26		0.160
Survival rate (SR, %)	88	94	87	95		10.740
Some of the internal organs parameters
Hepatosomatic index (HSI, %)	2.39	2.31	1.50		2.37	0.630
Viscerosomatic index (VSI, %)	18.25	20.41	19.42		19.88	4.100

Attributes	Treatments (diet oil source)				SED*
Attributes	Diet (A) Fish oil	Diet (B) Linseed oil	Diet (C) Soy bean oil	Diet (D) Sun flower oil	SED*
FI, g/ fish	13.33	12.15	13.41	15.85	1.710
FCR	3.58	3.92	3.85	3.93	0.181
PER	0.76^a	0.69^b	0.70^b	0.69^b	0.008
PPV %	33.90^b	35.40^a	33.05^d	33.45^c	0.009
EER, g/Kcal	0.054	0.050	0.045	0.049	0.008
EPV, %	31.44^a	30.55^c	27.54^d	30.78^b	0.030
LR, %	70.40^a	64.55^c	56.66^d	68.73^b	0.280

Items	Start	Treatments (Diet oil source)				SED*
Items	Start	Diet (A) Fish oil	Diet (B) Linseed oil	Diet (C) Soybean oil	Diet (D) Sun flower oil	SED*
Moisture (M, %)	81.48	71.25	70.91	72.07	71.00	0.707
Dry matter (DM, %)	18.52	28.74	29.09	27.93	29.00	0.707
Crude protein (CP, %)	62.02	47.95	53.34	50.07	51.63	5.460
Ether extract (EE, %)	11.78	30.15^a	29.52^ab	26.33^b	30.80^a	1.220
Ash, %	24.03	16.66	15.83	16.32	13.70	2.070
Gross energy (GE, Kcal/g)	4.53	5.50	5.74	5.25	5.76	0.280

Fatty acids	(Untreated-fish) (Start fish)	Fish fed on diet
Fatty acids	(Untreated-fish) (Start fish)	(A) Fish oil	(B) Linseed oil	(C) Soy bean oil	(D) Sun flower oil
C14:0 (Miristic acid)	5.45	2.94	0.47	1.35	0.83
C15:0 (Pentadecanoic acid)	4.12	1.04	0.95	ND	ND
C16:0 (Palmitic acid)	23.83	24.21	15.91	10.97	14.23
C17:0 (Heptadecanoic acid)	ND	0.45	ND	ND	0.44
C18:0 (Stearic acid)	3.25	1.34	6.15	17.20	6.80
C20:0 (Arachidic acid)	3.02	4.82	5.07	1.34	3.64
C22:0 (Behenic acid)	4.15	1.03	0.30	0.88	0.42
∑SFA	43.82	35.83	28.85	31.74	26.36
C14:1 (Myristoleic acid)	ND	ND	ND	0.87	ND
C16:1 (Palmitoleic acid)	8.34	5.31	8.29	9.05	10.85
C17:1 (Heptadecanoic acid)	1.17	ND	ND	ND	ND
C18:1c ω-9 (Oleic acid)	14.22	16.11	21.65	19.68	18.30
C20:1 ω-9 (Eicosenoic acid)	2.56	0.98	2.84	1.22	3.32
C22:1 ω-9 (Erucic acid)	3.20	0.34	0.27	0.92	1.67
∑MUFA	29.49	22.74	33.05	32.46	34.14
C18:2c ω-6 Linoleic acid	1.42	2.52	2.44	1.91	2.13
C18:3αω-3 (Linolenic acid)	ND	0.13	ND	ND	0.65
C20:2 ω-6 Eicosadienoic acid	1.67	2.29	2.41	2.04	2.55
C20:3 ω-3 Eicosatrienoic acid	1.89	0.82	ND	0.30	ND
C20:4 ω-6 Arachidonic acid	3.15	4.16	4.00	3.56	4.92
C20:5 ω-3 Eicosapentaenoic acid	5.60	6.15	6.24	6.00	7.13
C22:6 ω-3 Decosahexaenoic acid	9.81	24.14	21.54	18.90	20.17
∑PUFA	24.54	40.21	36.63	32.70	37.55
Unidentified	2.15	1.22	1.47	3.10	1.95
∑ω-3	17.30	31.24	27.68	25.20	27.95
∑ω-6	7.24	8.97	8.85	7.50	9.60
∑ω-3/ ∑ω-6	2.39	3.48	3.12	3.36	2.91

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