Protein, enzymatic and mineral indicators of clinical and subclinical pregnancy toxemia during the transitional period in dairy goats

Souto, Rodolfo José Cavalcanti; Soares, Gliere Silmara Leite; Macedo, Alexandre Tadeu Mota; Cajueiro, Jobson Filipe de Paula; Santos, Udhanysson Felipe dos; Soares, Pierre Castro; Afonso, José Augusto Bastos; Mendonça, Carla Lopes de

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v24e-75182E

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Veterinary medicine / Research article • Ciênc. anim. bras. 24 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v24e-75182E copy

Protein, enzymatic and mineral indicators of clinical and subclinical pregnancy toxemia during the transitional period in dairy goats

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinical and subclinical pregnancy toxemia (PT) forms on the dynamics of blood metabolites, composing the protein, enzymatic and mineral profiles of dairy goats during the transitional period. 111 multiparous dairy goats were used in this research. The animals were raised under an intensive system. Experimental groups (n=3) were created using the βHB blood concentrations as a cut-off point. The G1 or control group (n

= 40), G2 or subclinical PT group (n = 39) were established when least one of the experimental assessment times presented βHB values between 0.8 mmol/L and 1.6 mmol/L; whereas G3 or clinical PT group (n = 32), which at any of the experimental assessment times of βHB values were higher than 1.6 mmol / L when verified and also presented clinical signs of PT. The animals were evaluated on the 30^th , 20^th and 10^th day ante-partum (dap), at parturition and on the 10^th, 20^th and 30^th day postpartum (dpp). Total proteins (TP), albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Gamma glutamiltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), amylase, phosphorus, chloride and calcium, sodium and potassium ions were measured. The analysis of variance (F Test) was performed in order to investigate the effects and interactions between group and assessment times. Clinical and/or subclinical disease during the transitional period resulted in an increase of phosphorus and potassium concentrations (P<0.05), while a decrease in total protein, albumin, globulin, and ionized calcium values was observed (P<0.05). No statistical effect of PT on urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, amylase and sodium was observed (P>0.05). Except the ionized calcium and phosphorus, the levels of all the metabolites were influenced (P<0.05) by late pregnancy, parturition and lactation. The occurrence of the subclinical form was higher than the clinical form during the transitional period. Among the all variables studied, mineral profile were those that suffered alteration resulting from PT, highlighting the ionized calcium. Attention is drawn to the magnitude of the impact of disease on these components interfering in animal health.

Keywords:
goats; ketosis; late pregnancy; lactation; blood metabolites

Energy profile	Group			Evaluation time point					OM	Source of variation
		30 dap	20 dap	10 dap	P	10 dpp	20 dpp	30 dpp		Groups	Time points	G x T
βHB (mmol/L)	G1	0.4±0.13^Ba	0.4±0.13^Ba	0.4±0.10^Ba	0.4±0.14^Ba	0.4±0.14^Ca	0.4±0.13^Ca	0.4±0.11^Ba	-	<0.0001	0.0064	<0.0001
	G2	0.5±0.18^ABb	0.6±0.35^Bab	0.6±0.34^Bab	0.7±0.34^Ba	0.7±0.29^Ba	0.7±0.26^Ba	0.7±0.30^Aa
	G3	0.5±0.28^Ab	1.6±1.62^Aa	1.6±1.73^Aa	1.6±2.27^Aa	1.3±1.28^Aab	1.0±0.98^Aab	0.7±0.47^Aab

					Evaluation time point					Source of variation (Pr>F)
Protein profile	Group				Evaluation time point				OM	Source of variation (Pr>F)
		30 dap	20 dap	10 dap	P	10 dpp	20 dpp	30 dpp		Groups	Time points	G x T
TP(g/dL)	G1	7.28±0.71	7.21±0.71	7.18±0.95	7.22±0.91	7.75±0.69	7.95±0.63	8.08±0.65	7.51^A
	G2	6.98±1.00	6.89±1.05	6.63±0.97	6.86±0.82	7.31±0.72	7.64±1.00	7.96±0.97	7.18^B	<.0001	<.0001	0.9383
	G3	6.72±1.02	6.48±0.95	6.59±0.88	6.67±0.73	7.39±0.85	7.56±0.97	7.70±0.79	7.03^B
	OM	7.05^c	6.91^c	6.82^c	6.93^c	7.49^b	7.73^a	7.92^a
Albumin (g/dL)	G1	2.53±0.32	2.47±0.25	2.40±0.33	2.42±0.33	2.47±0.35	2.56±0.36	2.58±0.35	2.49^A
	G2	2.49±0.42	2.37±0.44	2.26±0.40	2.30±0.42	2.35±0.39	2.44±0.44	2.47±0.48	2.38^B	<.0001	<.0001	0.9798
	G3	2.53±0.24	2.25±0.29	2.21±0.29	2.20±0.34	2.29±0.26	2.35±0.35	2.41±0.36	2.32^B
	OM	2.51^a	2.38^ab	2.3^b	2.31^b	2.37^ab	2.46^a	2.5^a
Globulin(g/dL)	G1	4.76±0.68	4.74±0.70	4.79±0.88	4.80±0.93	5.28±0.69	5.39±0.69	5.50±0.70	5.02^A
	G2	4.49±0.96	4.52±0.96	4.36±0.82	4.56±0.77	4.90±0.59	5.21±0.88	5.45±0.98	4.79^B	<.0001	<.0001	0.8828
	G3	4.19±1.04	4.23±0.85	4.38±0.73	4.46±0.58	5.10±0.83	5.21±0.92	5.28±0.81	4.71^B
	OM	4.53^c	4.53^c	4.52^c	4.62^c	5.09^b	5.27^ab	5.42^a
Urea(mg/dL)	G1	51.53±17.65	50.99±17.39	49.15±15.41	50.98±17.29	54.21±17.69	51.97±14.98	58.08±27.17	52.32^A
	G2	49.63±17.37	43.96±13.77	46.60±12.59	50.22±21.43	57.37±20.68	55.36±18.40	59.68±26.58	51.96^A	0.7289	0.0006	0.7449
	G3	57.30±25.15	45.52±24.52	46.21±21.46	49.50±22.37	62.58±19.64	56.75±21.53	58.41±23.51	53.69^A
	OM	52.23^abc	47.13^c	47.44^bc	50.28^abc	57.69^a	54.57^ab	58.75^ab
Creatinine (mg/dL)	G1	0.67±0.12	0.72±0.13	0.74±0.13	0.76±0.17	0.61±0.12	0.63±0.11	0.64±0.13	0.68^A
	G2	0.79±0.17	0.73±0.13	0.77±0.14	0.72±0.14	0.64±0.14	0.65±0.13	0.64±0.12	0.70^A	0.1913	<.0001	0.2572
	G3	0.77±0.19	0.72±0.15	0.74±0.19	0.71±0.17	0.64±0.18	0.60±0.12	0.62±0.17	0.68^A
	OM	0.74^a	0.72^a	0.75^a	0.73^a	0.63^b	0.63^b	0.63^b

Enzyme profile	Group				Evaluation time point				OM	Source of variation (Pr>F)
		30 dap	20 dap	10 dap	p	10 dpp	20 dpp	30 dpp		Groups	Time points	G x T
AST(U/L)	G1	79.12±18.12	81.05±40.55	101.94±102.41	101.69±90.79	108.84±57.89	108.15±59.57	91.82±35.88	95,67^A
	G2	84.14±28.16	85.07±29.21	80.13±23.81	86.04±25.50	112.21±63.19	105.36±54.90	104.91±71.19	94,35^A	0,9399	<.0001	0,7022
	G3	80.24±26.48	81.19±21.94	84.53±24.76	100.64±43.50	132.07±100.20	95.41±30.19	84.56±23.20	94,62^A
	OM	81.1^c	82.46^c	89.45^c	95.94^bc	116.47^a	103.47^ab	94.45^bc
GGT (U/L)	G1	55.85±44.78	50.13±36.26	53.16±50.42	59.40±82.89	57.80±44.44	62.10±41.98	59.18±23.93	56,61^A
	G2	50.59±15.56	51.00±13.88	49.41±20.20	49.38±13.12	58.99±20.28	64.92±22.83	68.41±28.38	56,25^A	0,0617	<.0001	0,6961
	G3	46.59±23.11	40.58±10.68	43.53±9.61	46.21±8.92	60.11±22.11	62.29±18.59	61.75±17.42	51,99^A
	OM	51.89^b	48.1^b	49.18^b	52.03^b	58.88^a	63.17^a	63.25^a
CK(U/L)	G1	167.18±88.87	154.37±74.89	178.71±105.64	187.85±97.93	189.56±127.43	173.57±72.03	189.29±69.15	176,75^A
	G2	135.32±58.23	152.87±89.67	161.44±77.25	205.32±177.95	183.49±97.41	206.77±89.21	208.17±88.41	179,50^A	0,8282	<.0001	0,6118
	G3	140.19±94.19	138.50±85.43	149.89±73.46	209.57±161.96	213.36±144.27	214.23±110.81	184.74±93.79	179,98^A
	OM	150.02^c	149.61^c	164.67^bc	200.22^ab	193.83^ab	197.29^a	194.79^a
Amylase(U/L)	G1	132.95±52.62	121.18±49.56	131.92±51.98	137.55±53.18	158.90±66.50	156.90±81.63	152.98±73.00	141,18^A
	G2	124.71±59.88	120.19±50.63	126.85±45.09	137.70±54.18	156.73±63.42	138.86±41.13	136.00±50.05	134,81^A	0,7027	0,0002	0,9997
	G3	121.03±45.66	116.28±40.57	128.77±54.63	149.02±74.09	153.20±70.33	145.90±55.36	151.35±68.30	138,55^A
	OM	127.36^bc	119.53^c	129.26^bc	140.98^ab	156.52^a	147.5^ab	146.33^ab

					Evaluation time point					Source of variation (Pr>F)
Mineral profile	Group				Evaluation time point				OM	Source of variation (Pr>F)
		30 dap	20 dap	10 dap	p	10 dpp	20 dpp	30 dpp		Groups	Time points	G x T
Ca²⁺(mmol/L)	G1	1.13±0.10	1.14±0.09	1.15±0.10	1.08±0.09	1.13±0.13	1.12±0.11	1.06±0.12	1.12^A
	G2	0.88±0.18	0.91±0.07	0.79±0.15	0.81±0.16	0.86±0.08	0.89±0.07	0.83±0.14	0.84^B	<.0001	0.4997	0.4023
	G3	0.67±0.16	0.64±0.17	0.68±0.13	0.67±0.12	0.67±0.12	0.67±0.12	0.65±0.17	0.66^C
	OM	0.87^a	0.85^a	0.89^a	0.82^a	0.85^a	0.84^a	0.81^a
P (mmol/L)	G1	2.03±0.76	2.08±0.54	2.07±0.55	1.90±0.70	1.83±0.55	1.81±0.58	1.87±0.68	1.95^B
	G2	2.23±0.58	2.34±0.56	2.28±0.55	1.96±0.66	2.21±0.62	2.06±0.70	2.00±0.60	2.16^AB	0.0422	0.163	0.1845
	G3	2.21±0.50	2.44±0.68	2.26±0.55	1.99±0.69	2.50±0.71	2.38±0.97	2.17±0.52	2.72^A
	OM	2.14^a	3.13^a	2.20^a	1.95^a	2.16^a	2.10^a	2.00^a
Cl^-(mmol/L)	G1	110.60±4.65	112.46±8.41	111.58±5.21	112.76±7.38	109.69±7.18	109.34±8.67	107.45±8.55	110.60^A
	G2	113.60±9.93	113.23±9.63	112.78±7.94	112.33±7.71	107.44±7.27	109.32±12.02	106.63±5.87	110.67^A	0.0095	<.0001	0.6233
	G3	108.48±6.04	109.08±7.40	109.96±4.85	110.94±5.77	107.50±8.37	106.62±4.64	107.80±7.54	108.63^B
	OM	111.12^a	111.82^a	111.56^a	112.07^a	108.25^b	108.55^b	107.25^b
Na⁺(mmol/L)	G1	143.95±8.85	146.55±4.09	146.03±4.71	144.44±11.2	144.50±5.67	143.08±9.03	144.23±7.23	144.72^A
	G2	146.58±3.96	146.59±4.38	147.27±7.43	147.25±6.59	143.11±8.73	142.80±5.15	143.31±5.91	145.21^A	0.4727	<.0001	0.7588
	G3	145.09±5.78	146.65±8.21	147.38±8.91	147.68±5.64	145.26±3.79	143.39±5.66	143.00±5.61	145.51^A
	OM	145.1^ab	146.59^a	146.84^a	146.36^a	144.18^a	143.07^b	143.55^b
K (mmol/L)	G1	4.37±0.42	4.48±0.55	4.43±0.31	4.38±0.54	4.29±0.72	4.26±0.69	4.08±0.49	4.33^B
	G2	4.52±0.27	4.70±0.34	4.60±0.38	4.47±0.43	4.34±0.60	4.32±0.58	4.24±0.44	4.45^A	0.0029	<.0001	0.8309
	G3	4.58±0.24	4.73±0.47	4.44±0.45	4.43±0.53	4.44±0.36	4.35±0.42	4.40±0.55	4.48^A
	OM	4.47^ab	4.62^a	4.49^ab	4.42^b	4.35^bc	4.31^bc	4.23^c

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[1] *Corresponding author: rodolfojcsouto@gmail.com