Soybean crushing forms by mechanical harvesting and factors affecting the proportions of different forms

NI, Youliang; JIN, Chengqian; CHEN, Man; QIAN, Zhenjie; YANG, Tengxiang; XU, Jinshan; LIU, Gangwei

doi:10.1590/fst.111822

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Food Science and Technology

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 43 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.111822 copy

Soybean crushing forms by mechanical harvesting and factors affecting the proportions of different forms

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of serious damage in the process of soybean harvesting and production, this paper analyzes the soybean harvesting process, and determines the main crushing forms of soybeans: epidermal breakage, splitting into two flaps, and overall crushing. The influence of different operation links on soybean crushing during the harvesting process, such as header feeding auger, horizontal seed spiral conveyor, horizontal miscellaneous residue spiral conveyor, and threshing roller was studied. The influence of the operating parameters such as the forward speed of the harvester, threshing roller speed, and deflector angle on the soybean crushing form was studied experimentally. The results showed that, the degree of influence on the proportion of sepidermal breakage from high to low was the forward speed of the harvester, deflector angle and threshing roller speed. The degree of influence on the proportion of splitting into two flaps from high to low was the deflector angle, threshing roller speed and the forward speed of the harvester. The degree of influence on the proportion of the overall crushing from high to low was the forward speed of the harvester, threshing roller speed and deflector angle.The research results can provide a reference for the subsequent structural improvement of soybean harvester and optimization of operating parameters.

Keywords:
agricultural machinery; harvesting; soybeans; broken form; threshing drum

Form number	Crushing form	Characteristics
1	Epidermal breakage	Soybean seed has broken epidermis, especially at the umbilicus. Epidermal breakage affects soybean germination. Soybeans with broken epidermis generally can still be used for soybean products and soybean oil processing, but cannot be used as soybean seeds.
2	Splitting into two flaps	Soybean seed splits at junction of the two cotyledons to form two flaps. Soybeans splitting into two flaps generally can still be used for soybean products and soybean oil processing, but processing quality is poor, and they cannot be used as soybean seeds.
3	Overall crushing	Soybean seed has random breakage at embryo or seed coat, with at least three to four broken pieces. Soybeans with overall crushing cannot be used for soybean products and soybean oil processing, but can be used for processing animal feed. They cannot be used as soybean seeds.

Data Category	header feeding auger			horizontal seed spiral conveyor			horizontal miscellaneous residue spiral conveyor			threshing roller
Data Category	epidermal breakage	splitting into two flaps	overall crushing	epidermal breakage	splitting into two flaps	overall crushing	epidermal breakage	splitting into two flaps	overall crushing	epidermal breakage	splitting into two flaps	overall crushing
average	64.91	5.98	29.11	53.77	20.29	25.94	46.01	23.59	30.40	50.97	15.27	33.76
Maximum	90.96	18.66	57.32	73.98	47.04	54.86	61.15	56.31	50.74	82.81	44.84	61.26
minimum	38.78	0.00	8.09	24.61	6.97	13.86	28.57	5.61	10.22	30.36	0.00	2.55
Range	52.18	18.66	49.23	49.37	40.07	41.01	32.58	50.71	40.53	52.45	44.84	58.71
standard deviation	13.43	5.12	13.62	12.24	11.01	11.52	10.72	15.17	9.61	15.77	13.50	19.40
Coefficient of variation	20.69	85.65	46.79	22.76	54.26	44.40	23.31	64.29	31.60	30.93	88.41	57.47

No.	harvester forward speed/(m·s^-1)	threshing roller speed/(r·min^-1)	deflector angle/°
-1.68	0.5	200	20
-1	1.0	350	26
0	1.2	450	32
1	1.4	550	38
1.68	2.0	700	45

No.	harvester forward speed /(m·s^-1)	threshing roller speed /(r·min^-1)	deflector angle/°	header feeding auger					horizontal seed spiral conveyor					horizontal miscellaneous residue spiral conveyor					threshing roller
No.	harvester forward speed /(m·s^-1)	threshing roller speed /(r·min^-1)	deflector angle/°	epidermal breakage		splitting into two flaps		overall crushing	epidermal breakage		splitting into two flaps		overall crushing	epidermal breakage		splitting into two flaps		overall crushing	epidermal breakage		splitting into two flaps		overall crushing
1	-1	-1	-1	63.59	12.62		23.79		24.61	20.53		54.86		28.57	20.69		50.74		30.36	14.29		55.36
2	1	-1	-1	23.66	0.00		76.34		79.41	0.00		20.59		51.69	19.10		29.21		49.44	0.00		50.56
3	-1	1	-1	53.90	7.81		38.29		12.73	76.67		10.60		63.52	0.00		36.48		30.92	0.00		69.08
4	1	1	-1	66.89	0.00		33.11		42.36	17.41		40.23		31.99	15.15		52.86		61.78	30.67		7.56
5	-1	-1	1	57.07	9.95		32.98		27.58	11.82		60.61		54.78	15.92		29.30		0.00	0.00		100.00
6	1	-1	1	59.39	0.00		40.61		80.80	7.60		11.60		57.43	7.92		34.65		78.23	0.00		21.77
7	-1	1	1	51.47	32.35		16.18		68.77	7.64		23.59		50.34	13.79		35.86		47.53	13.58		38.89
8	1	1	1	100.00	0.00		0.00		54.81	6.30		38.89		61.88	11.21		26.91		75.57	7.63		16.79
9	-1.68	0	0	58.28	15.23		26.49		67.21	8.85		23.93		60.42	0.00		39.58		85.33	0.00		14.67
10	1.68	0	0	64.91	0.00		35.09		80.75	9.20		10.06		57.36	31.78		10.85		58.28	6.62		35.10
11	0	-1.68	0	91.60	0.00		8.40		46.52	35.83		17.65		43.32	24.94		31.74		47.87	38.83		13.30
12	0	1.68	0	90.32	0.00		9.68		64.71	16.43		18.86		27.81	53.97		18.21		36.86	50.85		12.29
13	0	0	-1.68	50.72	0.00		49.28		58.28	28.51		13.21		31.68	56.26		12.06		47.27	18.64		34.09
14	0	0	1.68	59.18	14.98		25.84		74.36	10.26		15.38		35.27	56.36		8.37		57.09	32.73		10.18
15	0	0	0	43.07	0.00		56.93		29.55	56.99		13.46		31.06	34.55		34.39		29.56	52.46		17.98
16	0	0	0	56.06	0.00		43.94		66.46	16.46		17.08		56.94	2.78		40.28		74.83	2.65		22.52
17	0	0	0	100.00	0.00		0.00		40.24	25.61		34.15		57.14	16.07		26.79		0.00	0.00		100.00
18	0	0	0	57.95	15.19		26.86		71.30	12.04		16.67		43.51	35.71		20.78		100.00	0.00		0.00
19	0	0	0	96.05	0.00		3.95		51.09	24.45		24.45		16.77	43.35		39.87		65.61	29.30		5.10
20	0	0	0	45.74	5.32		48.94		69.61	3.76		26.63		90.00	0.00		10.00		94.69	0.00		5.31

Index	Source	Sum of squares	Degree of square	Mean square	F-value	P-value
Soybean epidermal breakage ratio Y₁	Model	1833.07	9	203.67	6.29	0.0041
	A	1119.95	1	1119.95	34.59	0.0002
	B	38.51	1	38.51	1.19	0.301
	C	343.72	1	343.72	10.62	0.0086
	AB	46.8	1	46.8	1.45	0.2569
	AC	97.23	1	97.23	3	0.1138
	BC	52.99	1	52.99	1.64	0.2297
	A ²	113.72	1	113.72	3.51	0.0904
	B ²	11.31	1	11.31	0.35	0.5677
	C ²	6.47	1	6.47	0.2	0.6645
	Residual	323.77	10	32.38
	Lack of Fit	225.65	5	45.13	2.3	0.191
	Pure Error	98.12	5	19.62
	Cor Total	2156.83	19

Index	Source	Sum of squares	Degree of square	Mean square	F-value	P-value
Soybean splitting into two flaps ratio Y₂	Model	1627.26	9	180.81	30.72	< 0.0001
	A	0.78	1	0.78	0.13	0.7229
	B	29.27	1	29.27	4.97	0.0498
	C	471.62	1	471.62	80.14	< 0.0001
	AB	90.92	1	90.92	15.45	0.0028
	AC	38.85	1	38.85	6.6	0.0279
	BC	69.68	1	69.68	11.84	0.0063
	A ²	747.17	1	747.17	126.96	< 0.0001
	B ²	95.45	1	95.45	16.22	0.0024
	C ²	38.3	1	38.3	6.51	0.0288
	Residual	58.85	10	5.89
	Lack of Fit	30.18	5	6.04	1.05	0.4782
	Pure Error	28.67	5	5.73
	Cor Total	1686.11	19

Index	Source	Sum of squares	Degree of square	Mean square	F-value	P-value
Soybean overall crushing ratio Y₃	Model	2302.25	9	255.81	10.96	0.0004
	A	1061.16	1	1061.16	45.45	< 0.0001
	B	134.93	1	134.93	5.78	0.0371
	C	10.07	1	10.07	0.43	0.5262
	AB	268.19	1	268.19	11.49	0.0069
	AC	13.16	1	13.16	0.56	0.4701
	BC	243.98	1	243.98	10.45	0.009
	A ²	278.02	1	278.02	11.91	0.0062
	B ²	172.37	1	172.37	7.38	0.0217
	C ²	76.18	1	76.18	3.26	0.101
	Residual	233.45	10	23.35
	Lack of Fit	194.5	5	38.9	4.99	0.0511
	Pure Error	38.95	5	7.79
	Cor Total	2535.71	19

Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos Av. Brasil, 2880, Caixa Postal 271, 13001-970 Campinas SP - Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3241.5793, Tel./Fax.: +55 19 3241.0527 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@sbcta.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] *Corresponding author: jinchengqian@caas.cn