Population structure, spatial distribution and phenology of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. (Anacardiaceae) in cerrado stricto sensu

Sousa, Diego Guimarães de; Cunha, Hélida Ferreira da

doi:10.1590/2236-8906-81/2017

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Articles • Hoehnea 45 (3) • Jul-Aug 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-81/2017 copy

Population structure, spatial distribution and phenology of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. (Anacardiaceae) in cerrado stricto sensu¹ 1 Parte da Dissertação de Mestrado do primeiro Autor

Estrutura populacional, distribuição espacial e fenologia de Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. (Anacardiaceae) em cerrado stricto sensu

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study determined the size structure, spatial distribution, and phenology of individuals from a population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in a cerrado stricto sensu area. Four sample plots (100 × 100 m each) were randomly selected in the Quilombola Kalunga land. Within the plots, we counted the number of individuals and measured the height, basal diameter, number of tree branches and recorded their location and the presence of rocky outcrops. For the phenological analysis, sixteen individuals were monitored between May 2016 and April 2017. A total of 417 individuals were inventoried, which resulted in an average density of 104.25 ind ha^-1 (± 60.35). The abundance of individuals was higher in the rocky outcrops and with an aggregate spatial distribution. The population is self-regenerating. Phenological changes were concentrated in the dry season and were influenced by lower precipitation rates, maximum temperature, and relative humidity.

Keywords:
aggregate; cajuí; Brazilian savanna; demography; flowering

Authorship

Diego Guimarães de Sousa ⁴4Autor para correspondência: diegoagro97@hotmail.com

Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Rua 229, 95, Setor Universitário, 74605-090 Goiânia, GO, BrasilInstituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais RenováveisBrasilGoiânia, GO, BrasilInstituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Rua 229, 95, Setor Universitário, 74605-090 Goiânia, GO, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-1639

Hélida Ferreira da Cunha

Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Laboratório de Pesquisa Ecológica e Educação Científica, Rodovia Br-153, 3.105, Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, 75132-903 Anápolis, GO, BrasilUniversidade Estadual de GoiásBrasilAnápolis, GO, BrasilUniversidade Estadual de Goiás, Laboratório de Pesquisa Ecológica e Educação Científica, Rodovia Br-153, 3.105, Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, 75132-903 Anápolis, GO, Brasil

4Autor para correspondência: diegoagro97@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (7)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Spatial distribution of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. within four plots in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Distinct color scores represent specimens in different environments: without rock outcrop (black) and with rock outcrop (red).

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Figure 2
Distribution of individuals of the population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in classes of basal diameter (cm), inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Figure 3
Distribution of individuals of the population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in classes of total height (cm), inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Figure 4
Regression line and correlation between basal diameter (BD) and total height (H) data of a population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Figure 5
Height / basal diameter ratio (BD) in Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. plants in different diametric classes, inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Means followed by the same letters do not differ statistically from each other at 5% probability by the SNK test.

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Figure 6
Phenogram built with phenological data of the Activity Index (AI) for the phenophase of new leaves emergence (AI_Leav), floral bud emergence (AI_Bud), production of flowers (AI_Flow) and fruits (AI_Frui) of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., in a Cerrado stricto sensu area in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Figure 7
Phenogram built with phenological data of the Intensity Index (II) for emergence of new leaves (II_Leav), floral buds (II_Bud), production of flowers (II_Flow) and fruits (II_Frui) of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., in a Cerrado stricto sensu area in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Table 1
Mean values of temperature, relative humidity (RH), insolation and accumulated monthly precipitation in the study area, from May 2016 to April 2017.

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Table 2
Descriptive statistics of the number of individuals and branches of A. humile registered in four plots of cerrado stricto sensu area, in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Values followed by different letters presented significant differences (p < 0.05).

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Table 3
Morisita’s Indices values per plot and their spatial distribution patterns for individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Imor: Morisita’s Index. Imst: Standardized Morisita’s Index. Mclu: the upper limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. Muni: the lower limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. (^**) Significant value at a level of 1 %.

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Table 4
Morisita’s Indices values in environments with and without rocky outcrops within each plot and respective spatial distribution pattern of individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Imor: Morisita’s Index. Imst: Standardized Morisita’s Index. Mclu: the upper limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. Muni: the lower limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. (^*) Significant value at a level of 5 %. (^**) Significant value at a level of 1 %.

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Table 5
Descriptive statistics of the parameters of total height, branches and basal diameter of the individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

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Table 6
Results of multiple regression analyzes between climatic variables and phenological parameters of new leaves emergence (Pheno_leav), floral bud (Pheno_bud), flowering (Pheno_flow) and fruiting (Pheno_Frui) in plants of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. registered in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Max.Temp.: maximum temperature. RH: relative humidity.

Figure 1 Spatial distribution of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. within four plots in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Distinct color scores represent specimens in different environments: without rock outcrop (black) and with rock outcrop (red).

Figure 2 Distribution of individuals of the population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in classes of basal diameter (cm), inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

Figure 3 Distribution of individuals of the population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in classes of total height (cm), inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

Figure 4 Regression line and correlation between basal diameter (BD) and total height (H) data of a population of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

Figure 5 Height / basal diameter ratio (BD) in Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. plants in different diametric classes, inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Means followed by the same letters do not differ statistically from each other at 5% probability by the SNK test.

Figure 6 Phenogram built with phenological data of the Activity Index (AI) for the phenophase of new leaves emergence (AI_Leav), floral bud emergence (AI_Bud), production of flowers (AI_Flow) and fruits (AI_Frui) of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., in a Cerrado stricto sensu area in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

Figure 7 Phenogram built with phenological data of the Intensity Index (II) for emergence of new leaves (II_Leav), floral buds (II_Bud), production of flowers (II_Flow) and fruits (II_Frui) of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., in a Cerrado stricto sensu area in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

Table 1 Mean values of temperature, relative humidity (RH), insolation and accumulated monthly precipitation in the study area, from May 2016 to April 2017.

Month	Temperature ºC			RH (%)	Precipitation	Insolation
Month	Maximum	Minimum	Mean		(mm)	(Kj m^-2)
2016
May	21.83	20.17	20.98	62.35	0	775.23
June	20.07	18.47	19.26	61.24	0	672.5
July	20.66	18.85	19.74	47.63	0	799.04
Ago	22.1	20.23	21.15	44.78	0	804.23
Set	23.53	21.78	22.63	39.98	46	776.87
Oct	22.94	21.41	22.15	44.85	43.7	798.96
Nov	22.16	20.78	21.45	56.01	267	767.02
Dec	21.87	20.44	21.14	59.1	210	849.41
2017
Jan	22.07	20.43	21.22	63.97	165	805.4
Feb	20.89	19.72	20.27	69.86	240	655.16
Mar	21.81	20.31	21.03	68.06	203	783.92
Apr	21.66	20.25	20.94	72.57	125	755.03

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the number of individuals and branches of A. humile registered in four plots of cerrado stricto sensu area, in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Values followed by different letters presented significant differences (p < 0.05).

	General	Without rocky outcrop soil			Rocky outcrop soil
	Individuals	Individuals	Branches	Individuals		Branches
Abundance	417	154	904	263		1149
Minimum	46	27	1	19		1
Maximum	189	53	42	136		25
Range Total	143	26	41	117		24
Median	91	37 a	4,50 a	54a		3 b
Mean	104.25	38.5 a	5.87 a	65.75 a		4.37 b
Standard Dev.	60.35	14.18	5.72	50.08		3.70
Coefficient of variation (%)	57.90	31.63	97.48	76.17		84.84

Table 3 Morisita’s Indices values per plot and their spatial distribution patterns for individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Imor: Morisita’s Index. Imst: Standardized Morisita’s Index. Mclu: the upper limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. Muni: the lower limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. (^**) Significant value at a level of 1 %.

Plot	Imor	Mclu	Muni	Imst	Pattern
1	2.20	1.28	0.81	0.53^**	Aggregate
2	1.76	1.14	0.90	0.52_**	Aggregate
3	1.40	1.07	0.95	0.51^**	Aggregate
4	1.89	1.14	0.90	0.52^**	Aggregate

Table 4 Morisita’s Indices values in environments with and without rocky outcrops within each plot and respective spatial distribution pattern of individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Imor: Morisita’s Index. Imst: Standardized Morisita’s Index. Mclu: the upper limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. Muni: the lower limit of the Morisita’s Index for a random distribution. (^*) Significant value at a level of 5 %. (^**) Significant value at a level of 1 %.

Plot	Without Rocky outcrops					With Rocky outcrops
Plot	Imor	Mclu	Muni	Imst	Pattern	Imor	Mclu	Muni	Imst	Pattern
1	1.55	1.48	0.66	0.50^*	Random	4.68	1.69	0.51	0.60^**	Aggregate
2	1.25	1.43	0.70	0.29	Random	3.17	1.20	0.86	0.57^**	Aggregate
3	3.10	1.24	0.83	0.56^**	Aggregate	1.80	1.09	0.93	0.52^**	Aggregate
4	1.67	1.29	0.80	0.51^**	Aggregate	4.20	1.28	0.80	0.60^**	Aggregate

Table 5 Descriptive statistics of the parameters of total height, branches and basal diameter of the individuals of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. inventoried in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil.

n (individuals) = 417	Total height (cm)	Basal diameter (cm)	Branch (unit)
Minimum	26	0.20	1.00
Maximum	260	7.20	42.00
Range	234	7.00	41.00
Median	80	0.90	3.00
Mean	87	0.97	4.92
Standard Deviation	33.82	0.57	4.60
Coefficient of variation (%)	38.83	58.27	93.56

Table 6 Results of multiple regression analyzes between climatic variables and phenological parameters of new leaves emergence (Pheno_leav), floral bud (Pheno_bud), flowering (Pheno_flow) and fruiting (Pheno_Frui) in plants of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. registered in the Quilombola community Kalunga, Cavalcante, Goiás State, Brazil. Max.Temp.: maximum temperature. RH: relative humidity.

Response variable	r_a²	F	p	Explanatory variable	Angular coefficient (β)	p
Pheno_leav	0.68	6.86	0.01	Precipitation	-0.41	0.01
Pheno_bud	0.87	19.48	< 0.01	Max. Temp.	-26.96	< 0.01
				RH	-4.84	< 0.01
				Precipitation	-0.22	0.05
Pheno_flow	0.75	9.39	< 0.01	Max. Temp.	-26.55	0.03
				RH	-5.83	0.01
Pheno_frui	0.65	3.27	0.08	RH	-6.24	0.06

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