Air Quality in the Maracanã and Deodoro Zones During the Rio 2016 Olympic Games

Bezerra, Carolina A.; Carvalho, Nicole J. de; Geraldino, Claudio G. P.; Silva, Cleyton M. da; Arbilla, Graciela

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20180099

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Article • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 29 (11) • Nov 2018 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180099 copy

Air Quality in the Maracanã and Deodoro Zones During the Rio 2016 Olympic Games

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The air quality during the Summer 2016 Olympic Games in two Olympic zones, Maracanã (Tijuca) and Deodoro, was studied. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected and analyzed following method TO-15 (United States Environmental Protection Agency), during and in the days after the Games. The total VOC (C₄-C₁₂) concentrations were 39.2-160.9 and 36.6-191.4 µg m^-3 for Tijuca and Deodoro, respectively. These concentrations were lower than values previously obtained in Tijuca and other areas of the city. VOC speciation and benzene/toluene ratios were also different as a consequence of the restrictions imposed on vehicular transit during the Olympic Games. Concentrations were discussed considering the reactivity and ozone forming potential of individual compounds. Criteria pollutants, determined by the Tijuca Automatic Monitoring Station, were also analyzed. The preventive policies were successful in decreasing the concentrations of CO and PM₁₀, leading to a decrease in mean ozone levels. However, air quality indexes were not dramatically reduced, because of the increase in NO_x emissions and isolated events of higher ozone levels.

Keywords:
volatile organic compounds; Rio 2016 Olympic Games; air quality indexes; ozone

Compound	Tijuca / (µg m^-3)					Deodoro / (µg m^-3)
Compound	Mean	sd	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	sd	Median	Minimum	Maximum
Isobutane	11.88	6.20	11.93	3.90	23.28	12.99	8.69	11.11	3.92	26.79
n-Butane	21.50	11.38	21.31	7.28	43.55	22.00	14.53	19.03	6.58	46.62
2,2-Dimethylbutane	0.34	0.26	0.25	0.04	0.88	0.32	0.25	0.23	0.04	0.81
Isopentane	10.27	6.74	6.21	3.50	21.48	11.24	6.83	8.10	3.63	21.31
n-Pentane	9.01	5.62	5.87	3.28	19.30	10.04	5.22	7.36	3.76	17.86
2,3-Dimethylbutane	0.75	0.41	0.76	0.24	1.55	0.83	0.48	0.58	0.36	1.68
2-Methylpentane	2.32	1.47	1.43	0.95	4.78	2.98	2.08	2.22	0.96	6.50
3-Methylpentane	1.56	0.91	1.23	0.63	2.93	2.07	1.48	1.40	0.69	4.73
n-Hexane	2.85	1.56	2.24	1.17	5.50	3.67	2.68	2.72	1.14	8.09
2,4-Dimethylpentane	0.32	0.34	0.21	0.00	1.14	0.32	0.31	0.18	0.02	0.94
Methylcyclopentane	1.14	0.68	0.92	0.46	2.24	1.43	0.97	1.08	0.50	2.97
Isooctane	0.12	0.13	0.05	0.00	0.35	0.14	0.23	0.01	0.00	0.53
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane	0.11	0.11	0.08	0.00	0.27	0.34	0.05	0.34	0.30	0.38
Cyclohexane	0.68	0.33	0.57	0.30	1.32	0.72	0.44	0.53	0.33	1.60
2-Methylhexane	0.79	0.49	0.58	0.33	1.82	0.83	0.57	0.65	0.27	1.97
2,3-Dimethylpentane	0.24	0.25	0.16	0.01	0.79	0.32	0.27	0.20	0.00	0.77
3-Methylhexane	0.98	0.61	0.69	0.45	2.13	1.01	0.72	0.73	0.30	2.26
n-Heptane	1.29	0.76	0.99	0.61	2.61	1.51	1.03	1.09	0.50	3.34
Methylcyclohexane	0.68	0.43	0.45	0.29	1.66	0.80	0.63	0.51	0.21	1.98
2-Methylheptane	0.39	0.23	0.31	0.15	0.77	0.45	0.37	0.31	0.08	1.14
3-Methylheptane	0.26	0.18	0.16	0.08	0.58	0.27	0.26	0.16	0.03	0.75
n-Octane	0.54	0.32	0.36	0.26	1.09	0.61	0.45	0.46	0.15	1.33
n-Nonane	0.35	0.26	0.26	0.09	1.00	0.39	0.36	0.24	0.03	0.91
n-Decane	0.47	0.37	0.34	0.06	1.36	0.36	0.31	0.25	0.01	0.88
Undecane	0.81	0.79	0.49	0.26	2.54	0.46	0.42	0.44	0.09	0.86
Dodecane	0.80	0.59	0.62	0.32	2.64	0.57	0.20	0.51	0.35	0.93
Benzene	1.81	0.81	1.50	1.05	3.32	2.26	1.77	1.33	0.74	5.20
Toluene	3.64	1.98	2.53	2.06	7.69	5.55	5.53	3.43	1.57	18.64
Ethylbenzene	0.53	0.29	0.40	0.25	1.10	0.62	0.47	0.47	0.18	1.36
Cumene	0.17	0.13	0.14	0.04	0.38	N.D.	0.03	N.D.	N.D.	0.11
n-Propylbenzene	0.16	0.13	0.13	0.02	0.52	0.12	0.10	0.09	0.00	0.31
(m + p)-Xylene	0.64	0.38	0.42	0.31	1.32	0.75	0.53	0.57	0.27	1.67
o-Xylene	0.35	0.27	0.22	0.10	0.88	0.40	0.37	0.30	0.04	1.06
Styrene	0.92	0.06	0.92	0.83	1.04	1.02	0.24	0.90	0.85	1.57
1-Ethyl-4-methylbenzene	0.50	0.21	0.44	0.26	1.02	0.47	0.24	0.36	0.22	0.92
1-Ethyl-3-methylbenzene	0.31	0.14	0.29	0.16	0.69	0.28	0.13	0.22	0.15	0.53
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene	0.27	0.31	0.15	0.03	0.87	N.D.	0.15	0.27	0.03	0.31
1-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene	0.16	0.18	0.10	0.01	0.52	N.D.	0.10	0.06	0.02	0.22
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	0.36	0.30	0.28	0.06	1.15	0.34	0.35	0.15	0.02	1.02
1,3-Diethylbenzene	0.44	0.60	0.23	0.01	2.23	0.25	0.33	0.14	0.04	0.99
p-Diethylbenzene	0.54	0.58	0.33	0.09	1.65	N.D.	0.11	0.58	0.50	0.66
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene	1.31	0.70	1.02	0.59	2.46	0.90	0.48	0.73	0.29	1.70
1-Butene	1.91	0.55	1.83	1.01	2.81	3.27	2.35	1.98	1.19	8.21
1-Pentene	0.58	0.16	0.58	0.35	0.84	0.62	0.19	0.58	0.41	0.98
1-Hexene	1.35	0.32	1.31	0.94	1.93	1.34	0.39	1.24	0.98	2.24
trans-2-Butene	1.15	0.49	1.07	0.39	1.95	1.37	0.73	1.00	0.65	2.82
cis-2-Butene	0.83	0.31	0.91	0.31	1.40	1.06	0.57	0.95	0.52	2.27
cis-2-Pentene	0.58	0.23	0.56	0.24	1.02	0.58	0.28	0.47	0.22	1.15
trans-2-Pentene	0.90	0.44	0.80	0.35	1.60	0.91	0.46	0.73	0.37	1.82
Total VOC abundance / (µg m^-3)	89.87		74.60			98.77		77.00

Mass abundance	Kinetic reactivity (k_OH)	Mechanistic reactivity
Mass abundance	Kinetic reactivity (k_OH)	MIR	MOIR	EBIR
Tijuca (Maracanã zone)
n-Butane	isoprene	n-butane	n-butane	n-butane
Isobutane	trans-2-butene	1-butene	isopentane	isopentane
Isopentane	trans-2-pentene	trans-2-butene	isobutane	isobutane
n-Pentane	1-butene	isopentane	n-pentane	n-pentane
Toluene	styrene	isobutane	1-butene	1-butene
n-Hexane	n-butane	toluene	trans-2-butene	trans-2-butene
2-Methylpentane	1-hexene	isoprene	isoprene	isoprene
1-Butene	cis-2-butene	cis-2-butene	toluene	cis-2-butene
Benzene	cis-2-pentene	n-pentane	cis-2-butene	trans-2-pentene
3-Methylpentane	isopentane	trans-2-pentene	trans-2-pentene	1-hexene
1-Hexene	n-pentane	1-hexene	1-hexene	toluene
Isoprene	isobutane	cis-2-pentene	n-hexane	cis-2-pentene
n-Heptane	toluene	(m + p)-xylene	cis-2-pentene	n-hexane
trans-2-Butene	1-pentene	1-pentene	1-pentene	1-pentene
Methylcyclopentane	n-hexane	n-hexane	2-methylpentane	2-methylpentane
Accumulated mass fraction = 81% of total VOC mass abundance	accumulated reactivity = 79% of kinetic reactivity (k_OH)	accumulated reactivity = 80% of total incremental reactivity (MIR)	accumulated reactivity = 81% of total incremental reactivity (MOIR)	accumulated reactivity = 81% of total incremental reactivity (EBIR)
Deodoro zone
n-Butane	1-butene	1-butene	n-butane	n-butane
Isobutane	isoprene	n-butane	1-butene	1-butene
Isopentane	trans-2-butene	toluene	isopentane	isopentane
n-Pentane	trans-2-pentene	trans-2-butene	isobutane	isobutane
Toluene	cis-2-butene	isopentane	n-pentane	n-pentane
n-Hexane	styrene	isobutane	toluene	trans-2-butene
1-Butene	n-butane	cis-2-butene	trans-2-butene	cis-2-butene
2-Methylpentane	1-hexene	n-pentane	cis-2-butene	toluene
Benzene	isopentane	trans-2-pentene	trans-2-pentene	trans-2-pentene
3-Methylpentane	n-pentane	isoprene	isoprene	isoprene
n-Heptane	cis-2-pentane	1-hexene	1-hexene	1-hexene
Methylcyclopentane	toluene	cis-2-pentene	n-hexane	n-hexane
trans-2-Butene	isobutane	(m + p)-xylene	2-methylpentane	2-methylpentane
1-Hexene	1-pentene	n-hexane	1-pentene	3-methylpentane
cis-2-Butene	n-hexane	1-pentene	3-methylpentane	1-pentene
Accumulated mass fraction = 84% of total VOC mass abundance	accumulated reactivity = 81% of kinetic reactivity (k_OH)	accumulated reactivity = 84% of total incremental reactivity (MIR)	accumulated reactivity = 84% of total incremental reactivity (MOIR)	accumulated reactivity = 87% of total incremental reactivity (EBIR)

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