A new species of Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with a redescription of Ancistrus brevipinnis and further evidence of hidden diversity in the laguna dos Patos system, Brazil

A new species of Ancistrus is described from the rio Vacacaí drainage, rio Jacuí basin, laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. The new species differs from A. brevipinnis, the common species in the laguna dos Patos system, by having a dark brown to black background body color and dorsal and caudal fins plain dark, without lighter spots or bands. A morphometric and molecular comparison of different populations of A. brevipinnis from the laguna dos Patos system suggests that previously undetected species diversity is present in that basin. The type-locality of A. brevipinnis, originally described as Rio Grande do Sul State, is herein restricted to the rio Camaquã sub-basin of the laguna dos Patos system, and a redescription of A. brevipinnis is provided based on that population.

Keywords:
Biodiversity; Fish; Morphometrics; Systematics; Taxonomy

Authorship

Ronaldo L. Widholzer

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Supervision

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Laboratório de Sistemática e Taxonomia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-750 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. (RLW) ronaldow@edu.unisinos.br (corresponding author), (JB) borsoi.je@gmail.com.Universidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosBrazilSão Leopoldo, RS, BrazilLaboratório de Sistemática e Taxonomia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-750 São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. (RLW) ronaldow@edu.unisinos.br (corresponding author), (JB) borsoi.je@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9632-0820

Jessica Borsoi

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Supervision

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-8612

Roberto E. Reis

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Supervision

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (RER) reis@pucrs.br, (PLA) plehmann@pucrs.br.Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (RER) reis@pucrs.br, (PLA) plehmann@pucrs.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-6894

Pablo Lehmann A.

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Supervision

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-4827

Edited-by

Marcelo Melo

Correspondence

Ronaldo L. Widholzer ronaldow@edu.unisinos.br

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

The specimens were collected under a collection permit authorized by Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio process #24968).

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (5)

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FIGURE 1 |
Ancistrus megacanthus, dorsal, lateral and ventral views of holotype, MCP 19582, male, 96.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Gabriel, rio Vacacaí on road RS-630, tributary to rio Jacuí, laguna dos Patos system.

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FIGURE 2 |
Life color pattern of Ancistrus megacanthus. Specimens not preserved. Hisonotus armatus and Hemiancistrus punctulatus in background.

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FIGURE 3 |
Distribution of Ancistrus species in northern laguna dos Patos system. Ancistrus aff. brevipinnis (yellow), A.brevipinnis (turquoise), and A. megacanthus (red). T = type-locality.

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FIGURE 4 |
Arroio Cambaizinho, showing typical habitat of Ancistrus megacanthus.

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FIGURE 5 |
Ancistrus brevipinnis, dorsal, lateral and ventral views, MCP 25902, female, 65.9 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras do Sul, rio Marmeleiro, laguna dos Patos system.

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FIGURE 6 |
Holotype of Ancistrus brevipinnis, BMNH 1891.3.16.76, female, 79.9 mm SL. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Photograph inverted horizontally. Photo by the ACSI Project image.

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FIGURE 7 |
Live color pattern of Ancistrus brevipinnis. Specimens not preserved. Hemiancistrus punctulatus on background.

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FIGURE 8 |
Linear Discriminant Analysis of Ancistrus species in northern laguna dos Patos system. H = holotype of A. megacanthus.

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FIGURE 9 |
Maximum likelihood tree of samples of Ancistrus from Rio Grande do Sul, using General Time Reversible model with Gamma distribution and invariant sites (47.5%). Log likelihood -1230,53.

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometric data of Ancistrus megacanthus. Holotype and 15 paratypes; ranges include holotype. SD = Standard deviation.

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TABLE 2 |
Morphometric data of Ancistrus brevipinnis. n = 16; SD = Standard deviation.

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TABLE 3 |
Comparative morphometric data of Ancistrus aff. brevipinnis. n = number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation.

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TABLE 4 |
Morphometric data of Ancistrus taunayi and A. multispinis. n = number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation.

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TABLE 5 |
Genetic distance between sequences of Ancistrus species from Rio Grande do Sul, conducted using the Kimura 2-parameter model with rate variation among sites modeled with a gamma distribution.

FIGURE 1 | Ancistrus megacanthus, dorsal, lateral and ventral views of holotype, MCP 19582, male, 96.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Gabriel, rio Vacacaí on road RS-630, tributary to rio Jacuí, laguna dos Patos system.

FIGURE 2 | Life color pattern of Ancistrus megacanthus. Specimens not preserved. Hisonotus armatus and Hemiancistrus punctulatus in background.

FIGURE 3 | Distribution of Ancistrus species in northern laguna dos Patos system. Ancistrus aff. brevipinnis (yellow), A.brevipinnis (turquoise), and A. megacanthus (red). T = type-locality.

FIGURE 4 | Arroio Cambaizinho, showing typical habitat of Ancistrus megacanthus.

FIGURE 5 | Ancistrus brevipinnis, dorsal, lateral and ventral views, MCP 25902, female, 65.9 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras do Sul, rio Marmeleiro, laguna dos Patos system.

FIGURE 6 | Holotype of Ancistrus brevipinnis, BMNH 1891.3.16.76, female, 79.9 mm SL. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Photograph inverted horizontally. Photo by the ACSI Project image.

FIGURE 7 | Live color pattern of Ancistrus brevipinnis. Specimens not preserved. Hemiancistrus punctulatus on background.

FIGURE 8 | Linear Discriminant Analysis of Ancistrus species in northern laguna dos Patos system. H = holotype of A. megacanthus.

FIGURE 9 | Maximum likelihood tree of samples of Ancistrus from Rio Grande do Sul, using General Time Reversible model with Gamma distribution and invariant sites (47.5%). Log likelihood -1230,53.

TABLE 1 | Morphometric data of Ancistrus megacanthus. Holotype and 15 paratypes; ranges include holotype. SD = Standard deviation.

	Holotype	Min	Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	96.8	39.4	124.4	88.4	–
Percent of standard length
Abdominal length	18.9	17.3	20.6	18.9	0.9
Adipose fin to caudal fin distance	19.2	16.1	21.1	18.9	1.6
Adipose-fin spine length	9.8	7.3	12.3	10.1	1.4
Anal fin to caudal fin distance	33.4	29.5	35.9	33.1	1.8
Anal-fin unbranched ray length	9.6	7.4	10.7	9.0	0.9
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	16.6	14.0	18.1	16.4	1.2
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	26.9	26.3	30.1	28.2	1.0
Caudal peduncle depth	33.7	29.1	35.0	31.9	1.6
Caudal peduncle length	10.2	9.1	11.6	10.0	0.6
Cleithral width	31.7	31.3	34.1	32.5	0.8
Dorsal fin to adipose fin distance	14.7	10.7	15.9	13.7	1.5
Dorsal-fin base length	19.8	18.3	23.1	20.7	1.3
Dorsal-fin spine length	23.5	21.7	29.7	24.3	2.0
Head length	34.4	31.9	35.9	33.9	1.2
Interbranchial distance	17.3	16.5	18.2	17.2	0.5
Lower caudal-fin ray length	25.9	23.1	30.9	25.5	1.9
Pectoral-fin spine length	34.4	29.0	36.4	32.9	2.3
Pectoral fin to pelvic fin distance	23.1	21.7	24.3	23.0	1.0
Pelvic-fin unbranched ray length	23.7	19.1	24.4	22.0	1.7
Predorsal length	44.5	42.3	47.9	44.4	1.5
Supracleithral width	26.7	26.2	31.3	28.0	1.4
Upper caudal fin ray length	22.8	19.3	25.0	22.0	2.0
Percent of head length
Head depth at opercle	43.8	41.3	52.5	46.3	3.1
Internostril distance	17.9	17.5	21.9	19.5	1.4
Interorbital distance	38.2	37.6	47.7	41.3	3.1
Mandibulary ramus	15.5	12.6	19.6	17.0	1.7
Snout tip to ventral branchial opening	66.9	62.1	72.5	67.4	2.9
Orbital diameter	16.2	13.4	22.1	16.8	2.5
Snout length	62.1	43.9	62.2	59.5	4.6
Count	Mode
Premaxillary teeth	54	38	67	43
Dentary teeth	64	32	68	54
Plates in dorsal lateral series	21	20	22	22
Plates in median lateral series	23	22	24	24

TABLE 2 | Morphometric data of Ancistrus brevipinnis. n = 16; SD = Standard deviation.

	Min	Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	35.8	81.3	58.6	–
Percent of standard length
Abdominal length	17.5	23.3	19.6	1.5
Adipose fin to caudal fin distance	16.2	22.9	19.8	2.0
Adipose-fin spine length	7.5	12.5	9.9	1.3
Anal fin to caudal fin distance	31.8	37.4	34.1	1.4
Anal-fin unbranched ray length	5.9	10.4	8.4	1.1
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	14.4	19.3	17.1	1.6
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	26.3	32.8	29.8	1.9
Caudal peduncle depth	28.1	35.9	32.4	2.3
Caudal peduncle length	9.7	12.8	10.6	0.7
Cleithral width	31.6	35.8	33.3	1.3
Dorsal fin to adipose fin distance	12.1	18.2	15.0	1.9
Dorsal-fin base length	18.6	24.7	21.2	1.8
Dorsal-fin spine length	21.5	26.5	23.9	1.4
Head length	32.7	39.6	35.5	2.4
Interbranchial distance	16.2	20.8	18.4	1.4
Lower caudal-fin ray length	24.1	32.5	29.1	2.2
Pectoral-fin spine length	27.6	32.8	30.1	1.9
Pectoral fin to pelvic fin distance	21.2	25.7	24.0	1.3
Pelvic-fin unbranched ray length	21.7	27.8	24.0	1.6
Predorsal length	39.8	49.2	45.2	2.8
Supracleithral width	26.5	33.4	29.3	2.2
Upper caudal fin ray length	19.9	24.7	22.2	1.2
Percent of head length
Head depth at opercle	39.8	48.8	44.8	2.4
Internostril distance	14.8	21.4	17.7	1.8
Interorbital distance	35.6	44.2	39.3	2.5
Mandibulary ramus	12.9	19.9	15.9	2.1
Snout tip to ventral branchial opening	61.5	71.2	66.4	3.2
Orbital diameter	13.0	20.2	16.2	2.0
Snout length	53.6	62.9	58.5	2.6
Count			Mode
Premaxillary teeth	34	57	40
Dentary teeth	33	53	41
Plates in dorsal lateral series	20	22	21
Plates in median lateral series	22	24	23

TABLE 3 | Comparative morphometric data of Ancistrus aff. brevipinnis. n = number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation.

	Rio Pardo n = 13				Rio Taquari n = 38				Rio Caí n = 19				Rio dos Sinos n = 28				Rio Gravataí n = 11				Lower rio Jacuí n = 26				Upper rio Jacuí n = 39
	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	37.8	89.2	65.7	–	44.9	101.8	70.0	–	42.1	101.2	70.8	–	47.4	111.3	70.1	–	41.9	77.2	61.4	–	48.4	123.7	70.1	–	41.5	95.1	68.9	–
Percent of standard length
Abdominal length	18.0	20.9	19.3	0.7	11.8	21.1	18.5	1.7	16.6	21.2	18.7	1.3	10.3	21.6	18.5	2.0	16.6	20.1	18.6	1.0	14.2	20.9	17.9	1.7	16.4	20.3	18.9	0.9
Adipose fin to caudal fin distance	17.0	22.3	19.5	1.4	14.1	23.1	18.3	1.9	11.9	22.9	18.6	2.5	15.7	22.0	19.4	1.2	15.1	20.5	18.8	1.7	15.1	22.2	19.0	1.8	16.5	22.4	19.2	1.3
Adipose-fin spine length	8.9	13.9	10.7	1.5	6.2	14.6	10.6	1.5	8.4	14.1	11.2	1.7	8.8	13.0	10.5	1.1	8.0	12.3	10.1	1.4	8.4	12.8	10.6	1.2	6.8	14.6	10.3	1.5
Anal fin to caudal fin distance	29.9	35.8	33.0	1.8	28.8	35.1	32.1	1.6	29.9	36.2	33.5	2.0	30.2	36.5	33.6	1.6	32.1	38.5	34.0	2.1	26.3	35.5	32.4	2.0	30.3	36.6	33.1	1.7
Anal-fin unbranched ray length	5.5	9.3	7.9	1.0	5.5	11.5	8.4	1.2	5.5	12.2	8.5	1.4	6.8	10.3	8.5	0.9	6.6	9.4	8.0	0.8	5.2	9.9	7.6	1.3	5.5	10.8	8.1	1.0
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	15.7	23.1	19.1	2.3	12.6	22.6	18.3	1.9	13.7	22.9	17.5	2.0	13.9	21.5	17.0	1.6	12.5	21.7	15.7	2.4	15.1	22.0	17.6	1.9	14.4	22.3	18.0	1.7
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	27.0	34.0	31.1	2.0	25.4	33.6	30.5	1.8	26.6	34.0	30.1	2.0	26.9	32.4	29.5	1.4	28.1	31.8	29.6	1.1	27.0	32.7	30.0	1.7	27.9	33.5	30.5	1.3
Caudal peduncle depth	30.1	36.8	32.6	2.1	28.1	35.9	31.8	1.9	30.1	35.5	32.6	1.4	26.7	34.8	31.6	2.2	29.8	35.7	32.0	1.8	27.5	35.5	31.7	2.2	28.9	35.8	32.4	1.6
Caudal peduncle length	9.3	11.7	10.2	0.8	8.4	11.6	10.5	0.7	8.8	12.0	10.3	0.9	8.5	12.2	10.1	0.7	8.5	9.9	9.3	0.4	8.9	12.4	10.2	1.0	9.4	12.2	10.5	0.6
Cleithral width	31.7	36.1	33.1	1.2	28.4	35.5	33.5	1.5	26.4	35.0	32.4	2.1	29.7	34.4	32.3	1.4	30.0	32.8	31.6	0.8	30.8	36.1	32.8	1.5	30.7	35.4	32.9	1.2
Dorsal fin to adipose fin distance	11.0	14.8	12.9	1.1	10.7	16.7	13.5	1.5	10.3	16.0	13.3	1.5	10.7	15.8	12.8	1.4	9.4	15.5	13.6	1.8	10.5	17.0	13.4	1.7	9.9	16.6	13.7	1.6
Dorsal-fin base length	19.8	23.3	21.5	1.1	19.1	23.6	21.1	1.2	19.1	25.0	21.2	1.5	19.4	23.6	21.2	1.2	18.9	21.4	20.2	0.9	17.5	24.2	20.7	1.8	16.8	22.5	20.3	1.2
Dorsal-fin spine length	20.5	25.1	22.9	1.4	18.6	25.8	22.5	1.8	20.7	26.0	23.2	1.6	20.7	25.5	22.9	1.4	19.4	23.8	22.1	1.2	15.6	24.9	22.4	2.0	19.9	26.3	22.9	1.6
Head length	29.1	38.3	33.9	2.2	30.2	37.7	34.2	1.9	30.2	36.2	33.0	1.5	30.3	36.0	33.2	1.5	30.1	35.9	33.6	1.8	29.5	36.0	33.2	1.5	30.2	38.4	33.3	1.8
Interbranchial distance	15.9	20.4	17.9	1.3	14.3	20.6	18.5	1.3	14.5	21.0	18.0	1.7	12.3	20.1	17.5	1.6	14.4	19.2	17.1	1.3	14.3	20.9	17.8	1.8	15.5	21.4	18.4	1.2
Lower caudal-fin ray length	23.4	37.2	27.5	3.7	19.8	29.7	26.4	2.5	24.2	32.8	27.5	2.2	19.4	30.9	26.7	2.0	20.0	29.5	26.6	3.1	23.1	29.9	26.6	2.0	22.2	31.5	27.3	2.0
Pectoral-fin spine length	26.2	32.5	30.0	1.8	25.1	33.6	29.1	2.1	26.0	33.4	29.4	1.9	26.0	33.2	29.5	1.9	25.6	30.4	28.7	1.7	26.3	35.3	29.9	2.2	25.9	32.8	29.4	1.6
Pectoral fin to pelvic fin distance	21.3	25.7	23.5	1.2	17.1	26.9	23.0	1.9	19.1	25.7	23.1	1.6	18.4	26.5	22.7	2.0	21.1	26.2	24.0	1.4	18.0	25.8	22.8	1.7	18.3	25.7	22.8	1.4
Pelvic-fin unbranched ray length	21.2	25.8	23.5	1.3	17.8	27.1	23.1	2.1	19.2	25.7	23.0	1.8	21.1	27.0	23.6	1.4	20.1	23.7	21.8	0.8	19.8	27.6	23.1	1.9	20.5	26.4	23.5	1.4
Predorsal length	40.9	49.6	44.6	2.0	41.2	48.4	44.5	1.8	41.8	46.8	43.9	1.5	40.2	46.9	43.9	1.7	40.3	45.9	43.6	1.7	41.5	48.1	44.6	1.8	41.5	48.4	44.0	1.6
Supracleithral width	26.2	29.5	27.9	1.1	24.6	32.3	29.2	1.7	25.2	32.4	28.5	2.0	25.0	30.1	27.9	1.4	25.7	29.6	27.4	1.2	26.0	32.5	28.6	1.9	26.4	31.9	28.6	1.3
Upper caudal fin ray length	19.0	26.0	21.5	1.9	16.7	24.8	20.7	2.1	19.2	29.7	22.5	2.2	18.8	24.5	22.0	1.4	17.2	26.3	21.5	3.0	17.4	24.6	21.0	1.9	17.7	24.9	21.4	1.5
Percent of head length
Head depth at opercle	43.0	51.8	48.2	3.3	42.1	52.6	47.5	2.7	45.6	55.3	49.0	2.8	42.7	53.1	47.6	2.6	42.9	48.7	45.6	2.3	43.1	54.0	47.6	3.0	43.7	57.4	48.8	3.3
Internostril distance	13.8	26.8	18.1	3.6	16.2	22.4	17.9	1.4	17.0	25.1	20.2	2.6	15.9	24.1	19.3	2.4	18.0	25.2	21.3	2.1	15.3	24.6	19.2	2.3	14.7	20.5	17.4	1.6
Interorbital distance	33.4	51.7	38.7	4.6	33.5	44.4	39.2	2.2	37.5	44.7	40.3	2.3	36.0	43.6	39.3	2.0	33.8	41.1	38.0	2.3	36.9	46.3	41.0	2.3	33.2	44.4	39.2	2.8
Mandibulary ramus	16.5	26.1	21.4	2.6	18.5	24.2	21.3	1.5	15.2	26.1	19.9	2.7	15.3	23.1	19.7	2.3	14.9	21.4	18.3	2.0	16.4	26.4	21.1	2.9	17.2	24.6	19.8	1.6
Snout tip to ventral branchial opening	60.9	75.2	68.7	5.0	65.2	75.4	70.4	2.7	63.2	76.4	70.3	3.3	65.2	73.3	69.3	2.5	61.4	70.1	65.9	2.8	65.0	75.8	70.3	3.6	61.6	78.8	69.8	3.0
Orbital diameter	14.3	22.9	17.8	2.1	12.5	21.1	17.0	1.9	15.8	20.0	17.4	1.1	15.4	20.7	17.7	1.6	16.1	20.9	18.6	1.5	13.2	20.2	17.0	1.6	14.1	21.7	17.7	1.6
Snout length	54.3	70.1	61.0	4.8	57.9	67.7	62.5	2.7	56.0	68.3	62.1	3.7	55.3	67.0	61.8	3.2	56.1	62.3	59.1	1.8	57.4	67.7	62.0	2.8	56.1	68.3	62.2	3.3
Count	Mode				Mode				Mode				Mode				Mode				Mode				Mode
Premaxillary teeth	39	70	55		41	82	55		33	62	39		40	61	49		40	54	48		36	71	51		41	60	52
Dentary teeth	37	75	61		43	69	60		33	77	43		45	66	49		40	54	47		44	67	63		42	66	49
Plates in dorsal lateral series	20	22	22		21	22	21		21	62	22		20	23	22		21	22	22		21	22	21		21	22	22
Plates in median lateral series	22	25	24		23	25	24		22	25	24		23	25	24		23	25	24		21	25	24		24	25	24

TABLE 4 | Morphometric data of Ancistrus taunayi and A. multispinis. n = number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation.

	A. taunayi n = 18				A. multispinnis n = 11
	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	48.3	100.9	74.4	–	45.5	112.5	83.6	–
Percent of standard length
Abdominal length	16.6	20.1	18.5	1.1	15.8	21.2	18.8	1.6
Adipose fin to caudal fin distance	17.3	20.8	18.7	1.1	18.6	22.3	20.2	1.2
Adipose-fin spine length	8.9	13.3	10.6	1.4	9.9	13.0	11.3	1.1
Anal fin to caudal fin distance	30.2	35.9	33.3	2.1	33.3	36.5	34.7	1.0
Anal-fin unbranched ray length	6.8	12.2	8.5	1.6	6.3	10.6	9.0	1.4
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	15.9	19.8	17.7	1.4	16.3	22.6	18.9	1.8
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	27.8	32.4	30.1	1.9	28.2	33.0	30.1	1.6
Caudal peduncle depth	8.8	11.5	10.0	0.9	10.6	12.9	12.1	0.7
Caudal peduncle length	30.1	34.1	32.3	1.3	30.5	36.4	33.4	1.7
Cleithral width	30.3	34.1	32.1	1.6	32.8	37.5	34.8	1.5
Dorsal fin to adipose fin distance	12.5	16.0	14.1	1.1	11.4	16.2	13.3	1.2
Dorsal-fin base length	20.0	22.6	21.2	0.9	19.6	24.4	22.3	1.4
Dorsal-fin spine length	21.1	25.3	22.9	1.3	22.4	27.8	24.9	1.7
Head length	30.2	33.3	32.2	0.9	32.0	37.8	34.4	1.8
Interbranchial distance	14.5	20.1	17.2	1.5	17.4	20.4	18.9	1.0
Lower caudal-fin ray length	24.7	30.4	27.7	2.1	23.5	31.8	27.3	2.7
Pectoral-fin spine length	28.1	32.9	29.9	1.5	24.6	36.5	31.2	3.1
Pectoral fin to pelvic fin distance	21.1	25.7	23.6	1.6	19.8	26.0	23.0	1.6
Pelvic-fin unbranched ray length	21.0	25.3	22.8	1.4	21.4	29.1	25.1	2.0
Predorsal length	41.8	45.7	43.8	1.3	41.4	47.7	44.6	2.1
Supracleithral width	25.2	29.7	27.1	1.6	27.8	32.2	29.6	1.5
Upper caudal fin ray length	19.9	24.3	22.2	1.3	18.8	25.5	21.8	1.9
Percent of head length
Head depth at opercle	47.6	53.1	50.0	2.2	45.7	52.4	49.0	1.9
Internostril distance	17.0	22.8	19.8	2.0	15.8	18.7	17.3	1.0
Interorbital distance	38.0	43.3	40.8	2.1	31.9	39.3	35.9	2.1
Mandibulary ramus	15.2	20.2	18.3	1.5	19.1	23.9	21.6	1.6
Snout tip to ventral branchial opening	64.9	70.6	68.8	1.9	65.7	76.3	70.4	3.0
Orbital diameter	15.9	20.5	17.7	1.4	13.7	19.7	17.3	1.6
Snout length	58.8	64.6	62.2	1.7	54.5	67.7	62.1	4.4
Count	Mode				Mode
Premaxillary teeth	46	71	69		44	70	57
Dentary teeth	44	76	64		40	77	59
Plates in dorsal lateral series	21	22	21		22	21	21
Plates in median lateral series	20	23	23		21	23	23

TABLE 5 | Genetic distance between sequences of Ancistrus species from Rio Grande do Sul, conducted using the Kimura 2-parameter model with rate variation among sites modeled with a gamma distribution.

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1	A. aff. brevipinnis Gravataí MCP 54885
2	A. aff. brevipinnis Sinos MCP 54882	0.003
3	A. brevipinnis Camaquã MCP 54895	0.027	0.030
4	A. brevipinnis Camaquã MCP 54896	0.029	0.032	0.005
5	A. brevipinnis Camaquã MCP 54896	0.029	0.032	0.005	0.000
6	A. megacanthus Vacacaí MCP 54883	0.027	0.030	0.018	0.017	0.017
7	A. taunayi Santa Maria MCP 43914	0.023	0.027	0.022	0.023	0.023	0.025
8	A. multispinis Maquiné UFRGS 18448	0.019	0.022	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.015	0.018

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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A new species of Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with a redescription of Ancistrus brevipinnis and further evidence of hidden diversity in the laguna dos Patos system, Brazil

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[1] Edited-by

Marcelo Melo