Costa, Nídia Raquel; Andreotti, Marcelo; Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa; Lima, César Gustavo da Rocha; Castilhos, André Michel de; Souza, Daniel Martins de; Bonini, Carolina dos Santos Batista; Pariz, Cristiano Magalhães

doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2017000100008

Nídia Raquel Costa

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Fazenda Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, no 1.780, CEP 18610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: nidiarcosta@gmail.com, crusciol@fca.unesp.br

Marcelo Andreotti

Unesp, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: dreotti@agr.feis.unesp.br

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Fazenda Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, no 1.780, CEP 18610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: nidiarcosta@gmail.com, crusciol@fca.unesp.br

César Gustavo da Rocha Lima

Unesp, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: cesarlima@dec.feis.unesp.br

André Michel de Castilhos

Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/no, Caixa Postal 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: michel@fmvz.unesp.br, souzadm.zoo@gmail.com, cmpzoo@gmail.com

Daniel Martins de Souza

Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/no, Caixa Postal 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: michel@fmvz.unesp.br, souzadm.zoo@gmail.com, cmpzoo@gmail.com

Carolina dos Santos Batista Bonini

Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Bairro das Antas, CEP 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil. E-mail: cbbonini@gmail.com

Cristiano Magalhães Pariz

Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/no, Caixa Postal 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: michel@fmvz.unesp.br, souzadm.zoo@gmail.com, cmpzoo@gmail.com

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Fazenda Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, no 1.780, CEP 18610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: nidiarcosta@gmail.com, crusciol@fca.unesp.br

Unesp, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: dreotti@agr.feis.unesp.br

Unesp, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: cesarlima@dec.feis.unesp.br

Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/no, Caixa Postal 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: michel@fmvz.unesp.br, souzadm.zoo@gmail.com, cmpzoo@gmail.com

Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Bairro das Antas, CEP 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil. E-mail: cbbonini@gmail.com

Figuras (1)
Tabelas (5)

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Figure 1:
Mean forage dry matter yield of monocropped corn (Zea mays) forage (silage) and of corn + palisade (Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’) or guinea (Megathyrsus maximus ‘Tanzânia’) grass forage (silage) + pasture (off-season) after corn silage harvest, in the municipality of Selvíria, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons. Values followed by equal letters do not differ significantly, at 5% probability, by the LSmean and were separated using the probability of differences (PDIFF) option.

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Table 1:
Monthly rainfall, mean maximum and minimum temperatures, and photoperiod during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons in the municipality of Selvíria, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 2:
Plant height (PH), height of ear insertion (HEI), mean baseline diameter of stems (BDS), plant population (PP), number of ears per hectare (NE), total dry matter yield (TDMY) of silage (corn + palisade grass or guinea grass), corn forage dry matter yield (CDMY), forage dry matter yield (FDMY), as well as the percentages of forage species (FE), corn stalks + sheaths + panicles (S+S+P), leaves (L), grains (G), bracts (B), and cobs (C) in the final composition of the ensiled materials from monocropped corn (Zea mays) and corn intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu') or guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Tanzânia')⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3:
Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), buffering capacity (BC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HCEL), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), ash, and fermentative capacity (FC) of the materials before ensiling from monocropped corn (Zea mays) and corn intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu') or guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Tanzânia')⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4:
Dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), pH, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TCs), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), total digestible nutrients (TDNs), in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), and ammoniacal nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio (N-NH₃/TN) of silage from monocropped corn (Zea mays) and corn intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu') or guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Tanzânia')⁽¹⁾.

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Table 5:
Forage dry matter yield (FDMY), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents in palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu') and guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Tanzânia') pastures at 50 (first cut), 100 (second cut), and 150 (third cut) days in the off-season after corn (Zea mays) silage harvest⁽¹⁾.

Climate characteristics	Month
Climate characteristics	Nov.	Dec.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.
	2010-2011 growing season
Monthly rainfall (mm)	214	288	202	230	356	157	9	41	0	0	3	137
Mean maximum temperature (ºC)	31.7	31.7	32.2	31.9	30.0	31.3	28.7	27.8	30.4	31.8	34.3	32.3
Mean minimum temperature (ºC)	19.5	21.4	21.3	21.2	20.7	18.7	15.8	14.1	16.0	16.7	18.5	20.8
Photoperiod (hour per day)	12.9	13.2	13.1	12.7	12.1	11.5	11.0	10.8	10.9	11.4	11.9	12.5
	2011-2012 growing season
Monthly rainfall (mm)	123	103	330	123	89	69	34	60	8	0	50	17
Mean maximum temperature (^oC)	32.0	33.6	31.2	33.0	33.1	32.0	28.0	27.8	28.2	30.9	33.6	34.9
Mean minimum temperature (^oC)	20.0	21.8	20.2	20.4	20.2	19.8	17.1	16.9	13.2	16.7	18.2	21.2
Photoperiod (hour per day)	12.9	13.2	13.1	12.7	12.1	11.5	11.0	10.8	10.9	11.4	11.9	12.5

Cropping system⁽²⁾	PH	HEI	BDS	PP	NE	TDMY	CDMY	FDMY	FE	S+S+P	L	G	B	C
Cropping system⁽²⁾	(m)	(m)	(mm)	(No.×1,000)	-------------- (Mg ha^-1)--------------				-----------------------------(%)---------------------------
MC corn	2.49a	1.29a	21.2a	61.1a	63.9a	36.6a	36.6a	-	-	29.9a	13.7a	41.1a	8.5a	6.7a
Corn + PG	2.38a	1.25a	19.4a	58.1a	61.4a	29.9a	26.2b	3.7a	12.7a	24.5b	11.8b	36.8a	7.7b	6.5a
Corn + GG	2.46a	1.28a	20.0a	58.4a	62.5a	32.4a	28.7b	3.7a	11.7a	23.7b	13.4a	37.9a	7.6b	5.7a
SEM⁽³⁾	0.05	0.04	0.99	1.73	2.14	2.73	2.71	4.3	1.38	1.74	0.94	1.46	0.28	0.03
P-value	0.091	0.718	0.234	0.184	0.523	0.066	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	0.159	0.021	0.008	0.012

Cropping system	DM	CP	BC	NDF	ADF	LIG	CEL	HCEL	WSC	Ash	FC
Cropping system	(%)	-------------------------------------------------------(DM %)--------------------------------------------------									(%)
Monocropped corn	35.0a	6.1a	17.8a	49.3a	24.2b	3.1a	20.4b	25.1a	11.4a	5.2a	36.1a
Corn + palisade grass	32.8a	6.1a	17.4a	56.0a	29.3a	3.5a	24.8a	26.4a	10.5a	5.5a	25.9b
Corn + guinea grass	33.4a	6.6a	17.5a	54.4a	30.6a	3.9a	26.2a	22.9a	10.5a	5.0a	26.5b
SEM⁽²⁾	1.74	0.28	1.46	2.83	2.19	0.38	1.74	0.93	0.94	0.51	2.62
P-value	0.453	0.109	0.131	0.101	0.040	0.128	0.022	0.004	0.580	0.616	<0.001

Cropping system⁽²⁾	DM	Ash	NDIN	ADIN	NDF	ADF	LIG	CEL	HCEL	pH	CP	EE	TCs	WSCs	TDNs	IVDDM	N-NH₃
Cropping system⁽²⁾	(%)	----------------------------------------------------------------- (DM %) -----------------------------------------------------------------
MC corn	36.1a	4.4a	0.24a	0.20a	45.6b	21.0b	3.8a	17.1b	24.6a	3.69a	6.5a	5.4a	84.4a	8.7a	71.6a	69.3b	3.9a
Corn + PG	33.9a	4.8a	0.26a	0.23a	53.1a	25.6a	3.6a	21.9a	27.4a	3.65a	6.0a	4.0b	85.8a	9.4a	71.5a	75.5a	4.4a
Corn + GG	34.7a	5.3a	0.27a	0.23a	52.1a	27.7a	3.7a	23.7a	24.4a	3.69a	6.5a	4.0b	85.0a	9.6a	70.9a	69.1b	4.5a
SEM⁽³⁾	1.08	0.31	0.02	0.019	1.45	1.30	0.40	1.29	1.62	0.030	0.32	0.36	1.14	0.85	1.13	1.46	0.29
P-value	0.137	0.064	0.649	0.474	<0.001	<0.001	0.889	<0.001	0.242	0.385	0.149	<0.001	0.490	0.606	0.813	0.003	0.179

Treatment	FDMY (Mg ha^-1)			CP (%)			NDF (%)
Treatment	1^st cut	2^nd cut	3^rd cut	1^st cut	2^nd cut	3^rd cut	1^st cut	2^nd cut	3^rd cut
PG⁽²⁾	1.7b	2.1a	1.7a	9.3a	8.1a	6.4a	67.7a	66.2a	69.0a
GG⁽²⁾	3.6a	2.2a	2.3a	9.0a	9.0a	7.3a	69.3a	66.6a	65.0a
SEM⁽³⁾	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.9	0.9	0.9	2.1	2.1	2.1
P-value	<0.001	0.801	0.111	0.764	0.308	0.332	0.457	0.847	0.060

[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾Values followed by equal letters do not differ significantly, at 5% probability, according to the LSmean and were separated using the probability of differences (PDIFF) option. ⁽²⁾ MC, monocropped; PG, palisade grass; GG, guinea grass. ⁽³⁾SEM, standard error of the mean.

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