The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions made in the title of the paper. Surgical indication for the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion has been a consensus since 1980, and today the widespread use of the arthroscopic technique is a reality, even in academic circles. For this reason, the therapy indicated to treat the most common ligament lesion of the knee ACL lesion has been the isolated reconstruction of the ligament, and the condition was no longer considered within the context of instabilities resulting from rotational trauma. A review of the literature dealing with ACL lesion treatment was carried out: historical papers, papers published in the Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia in the last seven years, and 13 papers from the international literature selected based on the quality of their method. A cohort study in the ACL reconstruction series of the authors was also included in the review. In most of the Brazilian papers reviewed, indication of surgical treatment is peremptory, and the clinical verification of the lesion, whether acute or chronic, is made just by the positive results of anterior drawer, Lachman, and jerk tests, or the pivot shift, without evaluating peripheral ligaments, the type of instability, and the quantification of components; in the 13 international papers, the authors observed that conservative ACL treatment is an option to be considered, in particular in view of the results presented by patients so treated. In their own series, the authors found that among patients operated on, a significant number of knees (55), corresponding to 6.2% of the total, presented a new lesion before the second year, and those were exactly the cases that had been operated on just for the ACL, in spite the positive, moderate magnitude results in rotational instability tests. A statement can be made that it is possible to treat an ACL lesion with conservative methods, and therefore surgical treatment is not mandatory, and, further, that when indicated, surgery must be planned considering the degree of ligament looseness resulting from the peripheral ligaments.
Anterior cruciate ligament; Anterior cruciate ligament; Arthroscopy; Review literature
