Relationships between chronological and linguistic age and phonological awareness in children with developmental language disorder

Befi-Lopes, Debora Maria; Leão, Letícia Farias de Azevedo; Soares, Aparecido José Couto

doi:10.1590/1982-0216/20222436521

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. CEFAC 24 (3) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20222436521 copy

Relationships between chronological and linguistic age and phonological awareness in children with developmental language disorder

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

to verify whether there is a relation between linguistic age and performance in phonological awareness of children presented with developmental language disorder.

Methods:

a retrospective study comprising 53 children with developmental language disorder aged between 4 and 7 years old. Their language disorder diagnosis followed the inclusion criteria internationally described and Brazilian standardized tests for language assessment were used. All children underwent phonological awareness and linguistic skills assessment via standardized tests and all data went through statistical analysis. For correlation analysis, the p-value was performed through the Pearson’s test. In the regression analysis the models used expressive and receptive linguistic age as independent variables and the performance in phonological awareness as a dependent variable (p=0,036* and p= 0,048*).

Results:

the data indicated a strong correlation between language age and phonological awareness skills in children with language developmental disorder. A strong correlation between syllabic awareness and linguistic age was found as well. In addition, phonemic awareness was correlated to their chronological age. All correlation tests were confirmed by regression analysis.

Conclusion:

the data indicated a strong correlation between linguistic age and phonological awareness in children with developmental language disorders. These findings raise discussion regarding phonemic skills in children under this condition and their literacy process.

Keywords:
Evaluation; Language; Child; Specific Language Disorder; Language Tests

Syllabic Skills	n	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max
Synthesis	53	3.26 [2.87, 3.60]	1.29	4.00 [4.00, 4.00]	0.00	4.00
Segmentation	53	3.25 [2.86, 3.58]	1.28	4.00 [4.00, 4.00]	0.00	4.00
Identifying initial syllable	53	2.25 [1.87, 2.60]	1.41	3.00 [3.00, 3.00]	0.00	4.00
Identifying rhyme	53	2.19 [1.83, 2.55]	1.36	2.00 [2.00, 3.00]	0.00	4.00
Producing word with a given syllable	53	2.55 [2.11, 2.98]	1.49	3.00 [2.00, 3.00]	0.00	4.00
Identifying medial syllable	53	1.75 [1.38, 2.15]	1.39	2.00 [1.00, 3.00]	0.00	4.00
Rhyming	53	0.72 [0.43, 1.00]	1.08	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	4.00
Exclusion	53	2.45 [1.70, 3.23]	3.00	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	0.00	9.00
Transposition	53	1.19 [1.81, 1.58]	1.53	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	4.00
Total	53	19.70 [16.85, 22.57]	10.72	19.00 [19.00, 19.00]	0.00	39.00
Phonemic Skils	n	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max.
Producing a word with a given phoneme	53	1.17 [0.85, 1.53]	1.41	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	0.00	4.00
Identifying initial phoneme	53	1.60 [1.23, 1.96]	1.54	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	0.00	4.00
Identifyng final phoneme	53	1.13 [0.83, 1.45]	1.23	1.00 [1.00, 1.00]	0.00	3.00
Exclusion	53	0.92 [0.57, 1.30]	1.60	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	5.00
Synthesis	53	0.77 [0.49, 1.06]	1.20	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	4.00
Segmentation	53	0.36 [0.15, 0.62]	1.04	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	4.00
Transposition	53	0.26 [0.08, 0.47]	0.84	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00	4.00
Total	53	6.30 [4.53, 8.13]	7.42	4.00 [3.00, 4.00]	0.00	26.00

TELD-3	n	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max
Spoken Language Quotient	53	87.92 [83.76, 91.92]	15.50	87.00 [80.00, 96.00]	54.00	125.00
Receptive linguistic age (years old)	53	6.33 [5.85, 6.78]	1.73	6.50 [6.17, 6.50]	2.08	8.33
Expressive linguistic age (years old)	53	5.02 [4.69, 5.35]	1.34	4.83 [4.83, 4.83]	2.83	8.17

Variable		TELD Spoken Language Quotient	TELD Receptive Linguistic Age	TELD Expressive linguistic age	Chronological age
Synthesis	Coef.	0.171 [-0.026, 0.355]	0.156 [-0.147, 0.423]	0.264 [0.091, 0.439]	-0.037 [-0.431, 0.339]
	p	0.222	0.264	0.056	0.792
Segmentation	Coef.	0.106 [-0.125, 0.328]	0.180 [-0.080, 0.435]	0.283 [0.088, 0.455]	0.117 [-0.269, 0.502]
	p	0.449	0.198	0.040*	0.402
Identifying initial syllable	Coef.	0.407 [0.172, 0.615]	0.412 [0.163, 0.640]	0.514 [0.336, 0.670]	0.093 [-0.227, 0.440]
	p	0.003*	0.002*	< 0.001*	0.507
Identifying rhyme	Coef.	0.221 [0.000, 0.421]	0.237 [-0.011, 0.449]	0.338 [0.140, 0.520]	0.083 [-0.251, 0.382]
	p	0.112	0.088	0.013*	0.556
Producing word with a given syllable	Coef.	0.310 [0.041, 0.521]	0.394 [0.153, 0.601]	0.474 [0.280, 0.626]	0.259 [-0.080, 0.550]
	p	0.024*	0.004*	< 0.001*	0.061
Identifying medial syllable	Coef.	0.457 [0.253, 0.626]	0.497 [0.288, 0.680]	0.548 [0.353, 0.698]	0.243 [-0.029, 0.476]
	p	0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	0.080
Producing rhyme	Coef.	0.211 [-0.048, 0.438]	0.144 [-0.11, 0.384]	0.260 [-0.006, 0.493]	0.038 [-0.214, 0.297]
	p	0.129	0.302	0.060	0.792
Exclusion	Coef.	0.365 [0.103, 0.622]	0.360 [0.132, 0.574]	0.492 [0.226, 0.712]	0.129 [-0.096, 0.373]
	p	0.007*	0.008*	< 0.001*	0.359
Transposition	Coef.	0.415 [0.160, 0.642]	0.481 [0.284, 0.653]	0.481 [0.210, 0.699]	0.283 [0.013, 0.542]
	p	0.002*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	0.040*
Total	Coef.	0.413 [0.207, 0.584]	0.442 [0.225, 0.630]	0.559 [0.366, 0.711]	0.196 [-0.149, 0.512]
	p	0.002*	0.001*	< 0.001*	0.160

Variable		TELD Spoken Language Quotient	TELD Receptive Linguistic Age	TELD Expressive linguistic age	Chronological age
Producing word with a given syllable	Coef.	0.250 [0.005, 0.497]	0.299 [0.080, 0.502]	0.392 [0.083, 0.638]	0.167 [-0.050, 0.411]
	p	0.072	0.030*	0.004*	0.233
Identyfing initial phoneme	Coef.	0.140 [-0.096, 0.399]	0.314 [0.077, 0.534]	0.312 [0.028, 0.562]	0.323 [0.036, 0.587]
	p	0.317	0.022*	0.023*	0.018*
Identifying final phoneme	Coef.	0.001 [-0.25, 0.270]	0.128 [-0.121, 0.387]	0.110 [-0.17, 0.383]	0.144 [-0.127, 0.413]
	p	0.997	0.360	0.432	0.303
Exclusion	Coef.	0.169 [-0.036, 0.387]	0.233 [0.036, 0.417]	0.321 [0.009, 0.598]	0.157 [-0.086, 0.404]
	p	0.226	0.093	0.019*	0.260
Synthesis	Coef.	0.362 [0.10, 0.602]	0.405 [0.212, 0.574]	0.538 [0.277, 0.731]	0.415 [0.153, 0.635]
	p	0.008*	0.003*	< 0.001*	0.002*
Segmentation	Coef.	0.190 [0.007, 0.378]	0.230 [0.030, 0.411]	0.391 [0.073, 0.636]	0.239 [0.048, 0.452]
	p	0.172	0.098	0.004*	0.84
Transposition	Coef.	0.241 [0.061, 0.426]	0.300 [0.169, 0.430]	0.332 [-0.093, 0.597]	0.278 [-0.068, 0.614]
	p	0.083	0.029*	0.015*	0.044*
Total	Coef.	0.225 [0.008, 0.462]	0.322 [0.124, 0.509]	0.412 [0.117, 0.662]	0.289 [0.035, 0.531]
	p	0.105	0.019*	0.002*	0.036*

Syllabic Awareness
Pass		b	β	p
1	Constant	10.68 [-2.33- 23.70]	-	0.106
	Chronological age	1.26 [-0.51- 3.03]	0.20	0.160
2	Constant	-2.02 [-14.53- 10.49]	-	0.747
	Chronological age	-0.74 [-2.70- 1.23]	-0.12	0.454
	Receptive linguistic age	1.33 [-0.99- 3.65]	0.21	0.255
	Expressive linguistic age	3.70 [1.22- 6.18]	0.46	0.004*
Phonemic Awareness
1	Constant	-2.89 [-11.68, 5.90]	-	0.513
	Chronological age	1.28 [0.09, 2.48]	0.29	0.036*
2	Constant	-8.48 [-18.00, 1.04]	-	0.080
	Chronological age	0.73 [-0.76, 2.23]	0.16	0.331
	Receptive linguistic age	-0.08 [-1.84, 1.69]	-0.02	0.930
	Expressive linguistic age	2.00 [0.11, 3.88]	0.36	0.038*

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[1] Corresponding address: Débora M Befi-Lopes, Cipotanea St51 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo - SP, Zipcode: 05360-000, São Paulo , São Paulo, Brasil, E-mail: dmblopes@usp.br