Adverse outcomes/Complications from COVID-19 (n=8) |
Higher proportion of hospitalizations in Intensive Care Units(2424 Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242...
) and severe pneumonia(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Lower proportion of discharge from Intensive Care Units(2525 Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonell M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUS of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394...
); High occurrence of composite endpoint (Intensive Care Unit and/or mechanical ventilation and/or death)(11 Zhang G, Zhang J, Wang B, Zhu X, Wang Q, Qiu S. Analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis. Resp Res. 2020;21(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01338-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01338...
); High use of mechanical ventilation(2525 Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonell M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUS of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394...
.3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
) Higher mortality rate(2323 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
,2525 Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonell M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUS of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394...
,2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
,3333 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
) Higher percentages of complications during hospitalization: severe acute respiratory syndrome(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
,3737 Liu R, Han H, Liu F, Lv Z, Wu K, Liu Y, et al. Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:172-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.00...
); injuries - acute cardiac(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
), hepatic(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
.3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
) and acute renal(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); secondary infection(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
.3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); shock(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); acute respiratory distress syndrome(26); multiple organ failure(1818 Lescure FX , Bouadma L, Nguyen D, Parisey M, Wicky PH, Behillil S. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:697-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30...
) and pneumonia(3131 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316...
). |
Relationship between COVID-19 age and severity (n=8) |
Advanced age(55 Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, Guo H, Hao X, Wang Q, et al. Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1915-23. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130...
.2323 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
-2424 Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242...
.2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
-2828 Wu J, Li W, Shi X, Chen Z, Jiang B, Liu J, et al. Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Intern Med. 2020;288(1):128-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13063 https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13063...
.3030 Wang R, Pan M, Zhang X, Fan X, Han M, Zhao F. Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Fuyang, Anhui, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95(1):421-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.0...
31 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316...
-3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
.3434 Wolf MS, Serper M, Opsasnick L, O'Conor RM, Curtis LM, Benavente JY, et al. Awareness, attitudes, and actions related to COVID-19 among adults with chronic conditions at the onset of the U.S. outbreak: a cross-sectional survey. Ann Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1239 https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1239...
). |
Variables related to death by COVID-19 (n=8) |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Advanced age(1717 Quin C, Liu F, Yen TC, Lan X. 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of COVID-19: a series of four highly suspected cases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47(5):1281-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04734-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04734...
-1818 Lescure FX , Bouadma L, Nguyen D, Parisey M, Wicky PH, Behillil S. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:697-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30...
,2323 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
.2525 Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonell M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUS of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394...
.2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
); Presence of comorbidities and symptoms of dyspnea(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Greater development of serious charts(55 Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, Guo H, Hao X, Wang Q, et al. Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1915-23. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130...
,2323 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
,2828 Wu J, Li W, Shi X, Chen Z, Jiang B, Liu J, et al. Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Intern Med. 2020;288(1):128-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13063 https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13063...
,3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
)
|
Other information (n=9) |
High costs related to deaths due to COVID-19(3535 Kirigia JM, Muthuri RNDK. The fiscal value of human lives lost from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):198-202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05044-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05044...
) High prevalence of comorbidities in older adults and/or a higher proportion in relation to young people(2424 Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242...
-2525 Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonell M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUS of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394...
,2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
); Common comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Higher occurrence of infection by the new coronavirus in older adults(3737 Liu R, Han H, Liu F, Lv Z, Wu K, Liu Y, et al. Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:172-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.00...
); Treatment of COVID-19 with plasma infusion(1010 Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(14):e149. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e149 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e14...
); Clinical evolution of COVID-19 in an immunodepressed patient(1111 Spezzani V, Piunno A, Iselin HU. Benign COVID-19 in an immune compromised cancer patient - the case of a married couple. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20246. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20246 https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20246...
); Genomic characteristics(1919 Okada P, Buathong R, Phuygun S, Thanadachakul T, Parnmen S, Wongboot W, et al. Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand, January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(8):1-5. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000097 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.202...
). |
Clinical signs and symptoms (n=12) |
Dyspnea (2424 Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242...
,2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
-2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
) ; Fever(1212 Tapé C, Byrd KM, Aung S, Lonks JR, Flanigan TP, Rybak NR. COVID-19 in a Patient Presenting with Syncope and a Normal Chest X-ray. R I Med J[Internet]. 2020 [cited 18 Aug 2020];103(3):50-1. Available from: http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2020/04/2020-04-50-case-tape.pdf http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2020/0...
.2020 Wang Z, Chen X, Li Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020;14(1):64-8. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030 https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.0103...
,2222 Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
23 Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30...
-2424 Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242...
,2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
-2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
); Cough(1717 Quin C, Liu F, Yen TC, Lan X. 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of COVID-19: a series of four highly suspected cases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47(5):1281-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04734-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04734...
,2020 Wang Z, Chen X, Li Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020;14(1):64-8. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030 https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.0103...
,2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
-2727 Chen TL, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;glaa0089. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa089...
); Vertigo and constipation(2020 Wang Z, Chen X, Li Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020;14(1):64-8. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030 https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.0103...
); Fatigue(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
) Lower oxygen saturation rates (<90%)(3838 Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, Wen L, Zhang R. Clinical features of 69 cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):769-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272...
) (<91%)(2121 Zang W. Imaging changes in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:583-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05976-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05976...
); Syncope(1212 Tapé C, Byrd KM, Aung S, Lonks JR, Flanigan TP, Rybak NR. COVID-19 in a Patient Presenting with Syncope and a Normal Chest X-ray. R I Med J[Internet]. 2020 [cited 18 Aug 2020];103(3):50-1. Available from: http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2020/04/2020-04-50-case-tape.pdf http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2020/0...
); Malnutrition(1313 Yuan Y, Wang N, Ou X. Caution should be exercised for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, especially in the elderly. J Med Virol. 2020;92:1641-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25796 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25796...
); Rhabdomyolysis(1414 Suwanwongse K, Shabarek N. Rhabdomyolysis as a Presentation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7561. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7561 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7561...
). |
Diagnostic findings (n=8) |
Greater involvement of the pulmonary lobes in relation to young people(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
,3636 Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Xingwang L, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017...
); Higher proportion of subpleural line and pleural thickening compared to young people(3636 Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Xingwang L, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017...
); Lower proportion of lymphocytes(3232 Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e14-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Lymphocytopenia(2626 Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020;80(6):639-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.0...
); Higher number of lung injuries observed(2929 Chen Z, Fan H, Cai J, Li J, Wu B, Hou Y, et al. High-resolution computed tomography manifestations of COVID-19 infections in patients of different ages. Eur J Radiol. 2020;126(108972):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108...
); Greater bilateral pulmonary involvement and peripheral injuries(2929 Chen Z, Fan H, Cai J, Li J, Wu B, Hou Y, et al. High-resolution computed tomography manifestations of COVID-19 infections in patients of different ages. Eur J Radiol. 2020;126(108972):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108...
); Ground-glass opacities involving the pulmonary lobes(1515 Chen X, Liu S, Zhang C, Pu G, Sun J, Shen J, et al. Dynamic chest CT evaluation in three cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(4):277-80. https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.11 https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.11...
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