Developing an easy-to-build laboratory chamber for CO<sub>2</sub> experiments

Fortunato, Lívia Regueira; Parsekian, Guilherme Aris; Neves Junior, Alex

doi:10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2023-0078

Lívia Regueira Fortunato e-mail: liviarfortunato@hotmail.com, parsekian@ufscar.br, alex.junior@ufmt.com Corresponding Author: Lívia Regueira Fortunato

Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-9473

Guilherme Aris Parsekian e-mail: liviarfortunato@hotmail.com, parsekian@ufscar.br, alex.junior@ufmt.com

Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-2032

Alex Neves Juniore-mail: liviarfortunato@hotmail.com, parsekian@ufscar.br, alex.junior@ufmt.com

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0986

e-mail: liviarfortunato@hotmail.com, parsekian@ufscar.br, alex.junior@ufmt.com

Corresponding Author: Lívia Regueira Fortunato

Figures (13)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1.
Carbonation chamber authors: a) SILVA [¹³[13] SILVA, V.M., “Contribution to the study of carbonation in concrete and advanced mortars with and without the addition of silica fume”, M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 2002.] ; b) ABREU [¹⁴[14] ABREU, A.G., “Study of carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion in fly ash concretes,” D.Sc. Thesis., School of Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2004.]; c) PAULETTI [¹¹[11] PAULETTI, C., “Comparative analysis of procedures for accelerated carbonation tests,” M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2004.]; d) BARROS [¹⁶[16] BARROS, P.G.S., “Evaluation of the durability properties of self-compacting concrete obtained with marble and granite cutting waste”, M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 2008.].

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Figure 2.
Continuation – Carbonation chamber authors: e) SALOMÃO and SILVA [¹⁷[17] SALOMÃO, M.C.F., SILVA, T.J., Accelerated concrete carbonation test, Uberlândia, Federal University of Uberlândia, 2008.]; f) SALDANHA [¹⁸[18] SALDANHA, F.J.M., “Development of an accelerated carbonation test device with relative humidity”, control. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, 2013.]; g) LUCENA [¹⁹[19] LUCENA, C.M., “Evaluation of the efficiency of an accelerated carbonation chamber designed and assembled in laboratory”, M.Sc. Thesis., Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 2016.]; h) SOARES et al. [²⁰[20] SOARES, F.D.N., DESSUY, T.Y., BRESSAM, G.D., et al., “Construction of a carbonation chamber for assessment of carbon gas aggression in the life of concrete structures,” In: Proceedings of the VII Innovation and Technology Seminar, UNIJUI, 2017.].

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Figure 3.
Design, construction, and automation of the carbonation chamber.

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Figure 4.
Project: a) Front views, shelves and carbonation chamber door; b) Shelves.

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Figure 5.
Fan: a) Description; b) position of fans in the chamber.

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Figure 6.
Valve to control the flow of carbon dioxide and air: a) Model; b) Left side view with CO₂ inlet device and air and CO₂ outlet.

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Figure 7.
Sensors: a) CO₂ concentration; b) Humidity; c) Temperature.

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Figure 8.
Pressure gauge to control the pressure inside the chamber.

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Figure 9.
Carbonation chamber structure (acrylic box and shelves): a) front view; b) perspective view.

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Figure 10.
Hinges and latches installed for perfect sealing of the chamber: a) hinges and latches; b) project with emphasis on the new hinges and locks.

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Figure 11.
CO₂ concentration graph – reading history for 24 hours – experimental model.

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Figure 12.
Standalone interface.

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Figure 13.
The completed carbonation chamber.

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Figure 4.
Project: a) Front views, shelves and carbonation chamber door; b) Shelves.

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Figure 5.
Fan: a) Description; b) position of fans in the chamber.

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Figure 6.
Valve to control the flow of carbon dioxide and air: a) Model; b) Left side view with CO₂ inlet device and air and CO₂ outlet.

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Figure 7.
Sensors: a) CO₂ concentration; b) Humidity; c) Temperature.

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Figure 8.
Pressure gauge to control the pressure inside the chamber.

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Figure 9.
Carbonation chamber structure (acrylic box and shelves): a) front view; b) perspective view.

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Figure 10.
Hinges and latches installed for perfect sealing of the chamber: a) hinges and latches; b) project with emphasis on the new hinges and locks.

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Figure 11.
CO₂ concentration graph – reading history for 24 hours – experimental model.

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Figure 12.
Standalone interface.

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Figure 13.
The completed carbonation chamber.

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Table 1.
Summary of different carbonation chambers, as reported in the literature.

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Table 2.
Summary of different carbonation chambers, as reported in the literature (contd.).

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Table 3.
Summary of different carbonation chambers as reported in the literature (contd.).

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Table 4.
Relative humidity produced for different aqueous solutions.

AUTHOR		JOHN [¹²[12] JOHN, V.M., “Slag cements activated with sodium silicates”, D.Sc. Thesis., Polytechnic School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 1995.]	KULAWOSKI [¹⁰[10] KULAKOWSKI, M.P., “Contribution to the study of carbonation in concrete and composite mortars with the addition of silica fume,” D.Sc. Thesis, School of Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Metallurgical, Mines and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2002.]	SILVA [¹³[13] SILVA, V.M., “Contribution to the study of carbonation in concrete and advanced mortars with and without the addition of silica fume”, M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 2002.]	ABREU [¹⁴[14] ABREU, A.G., “Study of carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion in fly ash concretes,” D.Sc. Thesis., School of Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2004.]
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	MATERIAL	No information	No information	Metal and glass	Internal structures and shelves made of wood with an iron and steel mesh
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	DIMENSIONS (LENGTH × DEPTH × HEIGHT)	No information	50 cm × 81 cm× 117 cm	115 cm × 120 cm × 90 cm	82 cm × 52 cm × 126 cm
VENTILATION		Microcomputer fan	Two 9 cm × 9 cm fans installed in the lower region of the camera	No information	A 9 cm diameter fan located at the bottom of the chamber
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF CO ₂ AND AIR		Entry of CO₂ and air in the upper region of the chamber and exit of CO₂ and air in the lower region	Needle valves and pressure reducers	No information	Entry of CO₂ and air in the upper region of the chamber and outflow of CO₂ and air in the lower region
CHAMBER CONFIGURATION	CONCENTRATION OF CO ₂	5% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	5% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	0–100% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	5% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)
	TEMPERATURE	Controlled in an air-conditioned room	Controlled in an air-conditioned room	Controlled in an air-conditioned room	Not controlled, just registered
	HUMIDITY	Not controlled, just registered	Controlled with salts	Controlled through water container and automatic electric dehumidifier	Not controlled, just registered
	PRESSURE	Not internally verified	No information	No information	No information
SENSORS INCLUDED IN THE TEST		Temperature and humidity. There was no information if there was a CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor	No information	Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor
AUTOMATION		Not performed	Not performed	No information	No information
AIRTIGHT		No information	No information	No information	No information

AUTHOR		ABREU [¹⁴[14] ABREU, A.G., “Study of carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion in fly ash concretes,” D.Sc. Thesis., School of Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2004.]	PAULETTI [¹¹[11] PAULETTI, C., “Comparative analysis of procedures for accelerated carbonation tests,” M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2004.]	MCGRATH [¹⁵[15] MCGRATH, P.F., “Accelerated carbonation of concrete protected with cement based coatings,” In: Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Construction Materials: Performance, Innovations, and Structural Implications, CONMAT, Vancouver, 2005. CD-ROM.]	BARROS [¹⁶[16] BARROS, P.G.S., “Evaluation of the durability properties of self-compacting concrete obtained with marble and granite cutting waste”, M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 2008.]
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	MATERIAL	Fiberglass	Chamber is made of acrylic and internal metal trays with holes	Two 200 liter drums (were not mentioned if they were metallic or plastic)	Metal and glass
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	DIMENSIONS (LENGTH × DEPTH × HEIGHT)	80 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm	Volume of 245 liters	Height:85 cm; Diameter: 57 cm	No information
VENTILATION		Did not use ventilation	Two fans at the top and two more at the bottom for gas circulation	Low flow fans with up flow	Microcomputer fan
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF CO ₂ AND AIR		Entry of CO₂ and air in the lower region of the chamber and exit of CO₂ and air in the upper region	CO₂ input is at the bottom and the purge at the top	Controlled by solenoid valve and needle valve	Entry of CO₂ and air in the upper region of the chamber and outflow of CO₂ and air in the lower region
CHAMBER CONFIGURATION	CONCENTRATION OF CO ₂	50% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	60% or more – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	4% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	5% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)
	TEMPERATURE	Not controlled, just registered	Controlled in an air-conditioned room	Controlled by a 250W lamp connected to a control circuit and relay with a range between 23°C and 26°C	Not controlled, just registered
	HUMIDITY	Not controlled, just registered	∼70% – controlled by sodium chloride (NaCl) ballast, recorded by hygrometers	Controlled with saturated salt solution composed of NaNO2 and water – ranged between 58% and 62%	Not controlled, just registered
	PRESSURE	No information	Atmospheric pressure controlled with a Bourbon Manometer	No information	No information
SENSORS INCLUDED IN THE TEST		Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor
AUTOMATION		No information	No information	No information	No information
AIRTIGHT		No information	No information	Sealing gaskets and clamps were used to make an almost airtight system	No information

AUTHOR		SALOMÃO AND SILVA [¹⁷[17] SALOMÃO, M.C.F., SILVA, T.J., Accelerated concrete carbonation test, Uberlândia, Federal University of Uberlândia, 2008.]	SALDANHA [¹⁸[18] SALDANHA, F.J.M., “Development of an accelerated carbonation test device with relative humidity”, control. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, 2013.]	LUCENA [¹⁹[19] LUCENA, C.M., “Evaluation of the efficiency of an accelerated carbonation chamber designed and assembled in laboratory”, M.Sc. Thesis., Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 2016.]	SOARES ET AL. [²⁰[20] SOARES, F.D.N., DESSUY, T.Y., BRESSAM, G.D., et al., “Construction of a carbonation chamber for assessment of carbon gas aggression in the life of concrete structures,” In: Proceedings of the VII Innovation and Technology Seminar, UNIJUI, 2017.]
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	MATERIAL	10 mm acrylic plates	Glass desiccator	Chamber made with plywood plate, expanding liquid polyurethane foam and stainless steel plate	Stainless steel sheets and polycarbonate sheet
CHAMBER STRUCTURE	DIMENSIONS (LENGTH × DEPTH × HEIGHT)	100 cm × 60 cm × 65 cm	No information	100 cm × 60 cm × 85 cm	60 cm × 45 cm × 56 cm
VENTILATION		Did not use ventilation	12 Volt Fan	Two computer cooler fans	Two cooler-type fans installed on the sides, one on each level
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF CO ₂ AND AIR		Only two valves located in the lower region of the chamber for CO₂ and air inlet and outlet	Entry and exit of CO₂ and events from the top of the desiccator	Four gas inlet and outlet devices (CO₂ and air) – solenoid valve for CO₂ inlet control	Two valves in the lower region for CO₂ and air inlet and outlet and one valve in the lower region for air outlet
CHAMBER CONFIGURATION	CONCENTRATION OF CO ₂	5% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	The CO₂ flow comes from a cylinder that comes into contact with the air inside the desiccator, in order to obtain the intended concentrations for the test to be developed.	0% to 100% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)	0% to 100% – controlled by the proportion between CO₂ and air flow (open circuit and continuous supply)
	TEMPERATURE	Uncontrolled, recorded using a thermo-hygrometer	Controlled and recorded through a thermo-hygrometer	Not controlled, just registered	Not controlled, just registered
	HUMIDITY	Uncontrolled, recorded using a thermo-hygrometer	Controlled with salts and registered	Not controlled, just registered	Not controlled, just registered
	PRESSURE	Atmospheric pressure controlled with a Bourbon pressure gauge	Atmospheric pressure controlled with a Bourbon pressure gauge	Atmospheric pressure controlled with a Bourbon pressure gauge	Atmospheric pressure controlled with a Bourbon pressure gauge
SENSORS INCLUDED IN THE TEST		Temperature and humidity, but it was not informed if there was a CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity and CO₂ sensor	Temperature and humidity and CO₂ sensor	Temperature, humidity and oxygen meter
AUTOMATION		No information	Software DAS 100^® and GasLab	Arduino e software GasLab	No information
AIRTIGHT		The seal is made like a chemical chapel	No information	Silicone rubber seal around the perimeter of the door and self-adjusting lock which provides adequate pressure to the rubber	Stainless steel weld and door with hermetic closure and butterfly type nuts and spongy fabric

SUPERSATURATED AQUEOUS SOLUTION		RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF SOLUTION AT 20 °C (%)
CHEMICAL COMPOST	CHEMICAL FORMULA	RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF SOLUTION AT 20 °C (%)
Disodium phosphate	Na₂HPO₄ × 12 H₂O	95
Sodium carbonate	Na₂CO₃ × 10 H₂O	92
Zinc sulfate	ZnSO₄ × 7 H₂O	90
Potassium chloride	KCl	86
Ammonium sulfate	(NH₄)2SO₄	80
Sodium chloride	NaCl	76
Sodium nitrate	NaNO₂	65
Ammonium nitrate	NH₄NO₃	63
Calcium nitrate	Ca (NO₃)₂ × 4 H₂O	55
Potassium carbonate	K₂CO₃	45
Zinc nitrate	Zn (NO₃)₂ × 6 H₂O	42
Calcium chloride	CaCl × 6 H₂O	32
Lithium chloride	Li × H₂O	15

[1] e-mail: liviarfortunato@hotmail.com, parsekian@ufscar.br, alex.junior@ufmt.com

Brasil

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Developing an easy-to-build laboratory chamber for CO₂ experiments

ABSTRACT

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Developing an easy-to-build laboratory chamber for CO2 experiments

ABSTRACT

Developing an easy-to-build laboratory chamber for CO₂ experiments