Dependência do <i>smartphone</i> e alteração postural da região cervical de adolescentes

Fontenele, Ticiana Mesquita de Oliveira; Nunes, Paula Pessoa de Brito; Silva, Francisco Valter Miranda; Menezes, Catarina Nívea Bezerra; Andrade, Rodrigo Fragoso de; Mont’Alverne, Daniela Gardano Bucharles; Saintrain, Maria Vieira de Lima; Frota, Mirna Albuquerque; Abdon, Ana Paula Vasconcellos

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Original Article • Rev. paul. pediatr. 42 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023051 copiar

Dependência do smartphone e alteração postural da região cervical de adolescentes

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a dependência do smartphone e a alteração postural da região cervical em adolescentes.

Métodos:

Estudo transversal, com 281 adolescentes (15 a 19 anos), que frequentavam da 1ᵃ à 3ᵃ série do ensino médio, realizado entre setembro e outubro de 2019 na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em duas etapas. Na primeira, eles responderam a quatro questionários autoaplicáveis: questionário sociodemográfico, condições de saúde e uso do smartphon e, Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Musculoesqueléticos (NMQ), Self-Report Questi onnaire (SRQ-20) e o Smartphone A ddiction Inventory (SPAI-BR). Na segunda etapa, foram submetidos a fotogrametria pelo Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO) e avaliação antropométrica (peso e altura). Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o SPSS Statistics versão 23.0.

Resultados:

Do total, 63,3% (n=178) dos adolescentes apresentaram dependência do smartphone, com o uso de 5,8 horas (±3,5) durante a semana e 8,7 (±4,0) no fim de semana. Ao analisar o alinhamento postural na visão anterior, observou-se redução significativa da inclinação lateral de cabeça ao digitar no smartphon e (p=0,002) comparado à posição anatômica (baseline). Na visão lateral foi constatado aumento da anteriorização de cabeça durante o uso do smartphon e (p<0,05). Houve associação da dependência do smartphone com a anteriorização de cabeça (p<0,05).

Conclusões:

O uso do smartphone na posição de digitação causa alteração postural na região cervical, destacadamente naqueles que apresentam dependência do dispositivo. Dessa forma, são necessárias medidas de promoção de saúde que alertem os adolescentes sobre os efeitos adversos causados pelo uso prolongado do smartphone.

Palavras-chave:
Smartphone; Postura; Fator de risco; Adolescentes

Variables		n	%	Mean±SD
Sociodemographic
Sex
	Male	149	53.0
	Female	132	47.0
Age (years)
	15	78	27.8
	16	89	31.7
	17	87	31.0
	18	21	7.5
	19	6	2.1
Self-reported ethnicity
	Brown	150	53.4
	White	72	25.6
	Black	39	13.9
	Yellow	11	3.9
	Indigenous	9	3.2
Social class
	A/B	9	3.2
	C	37	13.2
	D/E	235	83.6
Health conditions
Upper limb dominance
	Right	241	85.8
	Left	23	8.2
	Both	17	6.0
Wears eyeglasses/contact lenses (yes)		117	41.6
Cervical pain complaints (last 7 days) (yes)		135	48.0
Cervical pain complaints (last 12 months) (yes)		151	53.7
Frequent headaches (yes)		121	43.1
Participant’s height (meters)				1.65±0.09
Participant’s weight (kg)				61.8±3.4
Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²)				22.3±4.1
Smartphone use
Time of use (hours)
	In the week			5.8±3.5
	On the weekend			8.7±4.0
Body position during smartphone use
	Lying down	152	54.1
	Sitting down	109	38.8
	Standing	6	2.1
	Lying down and sitting down	13	4.6
	All three	1	0.4
Smartphone weight (milligrams)				156.3±24.1
Smartphone addiction (yes)		178	63.3

Alignment (degrees)		Position		p-value
		Anatomical (baseline)	Typing in the smartphone
		mean±SD	mean±SD
Anterior view
	Horizontal head alignment (HHA)	1.1±2.9	0.6±3.9	0.002^* * p<0.05.
	Horizontal acromion alignment (HAA)	0.4±2.8	0.3±2.5	0.382
Lateral view
	Vertical head alignment (VHA)
	Right	15.5±9.3	37.4±14.3	0.000^* * p<0.05.
	Left	17.5±9.8	41.6±13.8	0.000^* * p<0.05.

Variables		Postural alterations due to smartphone use (mean±SD)
		Anterior view				Lateral view
		^Δ Δ represents the difference between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA): the higher the value, the higher the anteriorization of the head. HHA	p-value	^Δ Δ represents the difference between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA): the higher the value, the higher the anteriorization of the head. HAA	p-value	^Δ Δ represents the difference between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA): the higher the value, the higher the anteriorization of the head. VHA right	p-value	^Δ Δ represents the difference between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA): the higher the value, the higher the anteriorization of the head. VHA left	p-value
Sex			0.230		0.328		0.035^* * p<0.05 at the t test.		<0.001^* * p<0.05 at the t test.
	Male	-0.3±3.6		0.0±1.7		23.6±15.8		26.9±11.6
	Female	-0.8±2.6		-0.2±2.2		19.9±12.3		20.7±11.5
Upper limb dominance			0.051		0.991		0.944		0.818
	Right	-0.7±3.1		-0.1±2.0		21.8±14.2		23.8±12.1
	Left	0.6±2.4		-0.0±1.6		22.6±16.6		25.4±10.9
	Both	0.3±4.3		-0.1±1.4		21.1±14.2		24.5±11.8
Wears eyeglasses/contact lenses			0.419		0.388		0.441		0.777
	No	-0.4±0.3		-0.0±2.2		22.4±15.1		24.2±12.0
	Yes	-0.7±2.7		-0.2±1.6		21.1±13.3		23.8±11.9
Smartphone addiction			0.150		0.120		0.003^* * p<0.05 at the t test.		0.002^* * p<0.05 at the t test.
	No	-0.2±2.6		-0.3±2.2		18.5±14.2		21.1±11.5
	Yes	-0.8±3.4		0.0±1.8		23.8±14.2		25.7±11.9
Cervical pain complaints (last 7 days)			0.249		0.863		0.832		0.325
	No	-0.8±3.4		-0.0±1.8		21.7±16.1		24.7±12.4
	Yes	-0.3±2.9		-0.1±2.2		22.1±12.4		23.3±11.4
Cervical pain complaints (last 12 months)			0.720		0.517		0.107		0.401
	No	-0.6±2.9		-0.1±1.6		20.4±14.0		23.4±10.8
	Yes	-0.5±3.3		-0.0±2.2		23.1±14.6		24.6±12.8
Frequent headaches			0.983		0.676		0.625		0.602
	No	-0.5±3.4		-0.0±1.7		22.2±14.9		23.7±12.5
	Yes	0.5±2.8		-0.1±2.2		21.4±13.7		24.4±11.2

Variables	Postural alterations due to smartphone use
	Anterior view				Lateral view
	^Δ Δ represents the differences between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA). HHA		^Δ Δ represents the differences between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA). HAA		^Δ Δ represents the differences between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA). VHA R		^Δ Δ represents the differences between the position typing on the smartphone and the anatomical position (baseline) for each variable analyzed in the table. Anterior view: horizontal head alignment (HHA) and horizontal acromion alignment (HAA). Lateral view: vertical head alignment (VHA). VHA L
	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value
Time of smartphone use during the week (hours)	0.02	0.695	0.03	0.545	-0.10	0.071	0.05	0.395
Time of smartphone use during the weekend (hours)	0.02	0.650	0.09	0.128	-0.12	0.041^* * r: Pearson’s correlation and p<0.05.	0.04	0.433
Smartphone weight (milligrams)	-0.04	0.442	-0.00	0.894	-0.03	0.574	-0.10	0.090
Height (meters)	0.06	0.272	0.10	0.070	0.08	0.168	0.20	0.000^* * r: Pearson’s correlation and p<0.05.
Body mass index (BMI)	0.03	0.619	0.05	0.381	0.12	0.044^* * r: Pearson’s correlation and p<0.05.	0.09	0.133

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[1] Corresponding author. E-mail: ticimesquita@unifor.br (T. M. O. Fontenele)