Risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus who attended a referral hospital in southeastern Brazil

Brito, Flavio Gonçalves; Menozzi, Benedito Donizete; Mantovan, Karine Bott; Barbosa, Alexandre Naime; Victória, Cassiano; Langoni, Helio; Silva, Rodrigo Costa da

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0076-2021

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Short Communication • Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 54 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0076-2021 copy

Risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus who attended a referral hospital in southeastern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

Leptospirosis and brucellosis cause immunosuppression that worsens the clinical condition of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). We investigated the serological profile and risk factors of PLWHA.

METHODS:

Serum samples (n=238) were researched for Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal and tube agglutination tests and Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test.

RESULTS:

All samples were negative for Brucella spp. For leptospirosis, four samples (1.69%) were positive, and Andamana was the prevalent serovar.

CONCLUSIONS:

Low or no detection of these zoonoses does not reduce their importance in PLWHA. Vigilant, educational, and preventive measures should be adopted.

Keywords:
Anthropozoonosis; People living with HIV/AIDS; Public health

Variable	N	n	% (95%CI)^a	OR^b	p-value^c
Sex
Male	129	3	2.3 (0.8-6.6)	0.4 (0.0-3.8)	0.63^d
Female	109	1	0.9 (0.2-5.0)
Age
15 < x ≤ 30 years	28	0	0.0 (0.0-11.9)	-	0.87^d
30 < x ≤ 45 years	94	3	3.2 (1.2-9.0)
45 < x ≤ 60 years	89	1	1.1 (0.3-6.0)
60 < x ≤ 76 years	17	0	0.0 (0.0-18.5)
uninformed	10	0	0.0 (0.0-28.5)
Marital status
Married	92	2	2.2 (0.7-7.6)	-	0.42^d
Single	92	1	1.1 (0.3-5.9)
Be living together	10	1	10.0 (2.3-41.3)
Divorced	29	0	0.0 (0.0-11.6)
Widowed	14	0	0.0 (0.0-21.8)
Educational level
Undergraduate	24	0	0.0 (0.0-13.7)	-	0.63^d
Incomplete undergraduation	17	1	5.9 (1.4-27.3)
Completed the high school	67	2	3.0 (0.9-10.2)
Incomplete high school	21	0	0.0 (0.0-15.4)
Completed the primary/secondary school	39	0	0.0 (0.0-8.8)
Incomplete primary/secondary school	61	1	1.6 (0.4-8.7)
No educational level	4	0	0.0 (0.0-52.2)
Monthly wage
up to 2 minimum wage	165	3	1.8 (0.7-5.2)	-	1.00^d
3-5 minimum wage	58	1	1.7 (0.4-9.1)
6-10 minimum wage	9	0	0.0 (0.0-30.8)
>10 minimum wage	4	0	0.0 (0.0-52.2)
Residence
Urban area	198	3	1.5 (0.6-4.3)	1.8 (0.2-17.4)	0,51^d
Rural area	38	1	2.6 (0.6-13.5)
Have you heard about leptospirosis or brucellosis?
No	78	1	1.3 (0.3-6.8)	1.0 (0.1-11.4)	1.00^d
Yes	154	2	1.3 (0.4-4.6)

Variable	N	n	% (95%CI)^a	OR^b	p-value^c
Do you drink tap water?
No	85	1	1.2 (0.3-6.3)	1.7 (0.2-16.5)	1.00^e
Yes	152	3	2.0 (0.7-5.6)
Water source
Filtered water
Yes	91	0	0.0 (0.0-3.9)	-	0.30^e
No	146	4	2.8 (1.1-6.8)
Tap water
No	105	1	1.0 (0.2-5.1)	2.4 (0.2-23.6)	0.63^e
Yes	132	3	2.3 (0.8-6.4)
Spout’s water
No	237	4	1.7 (0.7-4.2)	-	1.00^e
Yes	0	0	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Artesian well water
No	223	3	1.4 (0.5-3.9)	5.6 (0.5-58.1)	0.22^e
Yes	14	1	7.1 (1.7-32.0)
Mineral water
No	214	4	1.9 (0.8-4.7)	-	1.00^e
Yes	23	0	0.0 (0.0-14.2)
Does you have water tank?
No	46	2	4.4 (1.3-14.5)	0.2 (0.0-1.7)	0.18^e
Yes	187	2	1.1 (0.3-3.8)
How often is the water tank cleaned?
Semiannual	23	0	0.0 (0.0-14.2)	-	0.24^e
Monthly	1	0	0.0 (0.0-84.2)
Annual	80	0	0.0 (0.0-4.4)
Biannual	26	1	3.8 (0.9-19.0)
Never	58	1	1.7 (0.4-9.1)
Sewer destination
Public sewer system	207	3	1.4 (0.5-4.2)	-	0.40^e
Septic tank	25	1	4.0 (1.0-19.6)
Open sky	3	0	0.0 (0.0-60.2)
Rivers / streams	0	0	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
When it rains, does it flood the street?
No	203	0	0.0 (0.0-1.8)	-	0.00^e
Yes	33	4	12.1 (5.0-27.4)
What is the destination of your home garbage?
Public collect	228	4	1.8 (0.7-4.4)	-	1.00^d
Wasteland	0	0	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Backyard	0	0	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Burning trash	8	0	0.0 (0.0-33.6)

Variable	N	n	% (95%CI)^a	OR^b	p-value^c
Do you have animal at home?
No	51	1	2.0 (0.5-10.3)	0.8 (0.1-8.1)	1.00^d
Yes	185	3	1.6 (0.6-4.6)
Which species?
Dog
No	29	1	3.4 (0.8-17.2)	0.4 (0.0-4.1)	0.40^d
Yes	158	2	1.3 (0.4-4.5)
Cat
No	131	2	1.5 (0.5-5.4)	1.2 (0.1-13.2)	1.00^d
Yes	56	1	1.8 (0.4-9.4)
Bird
No	146	2	1.4 (0.4-4.8)	1.8 (0.2-20.4)	0.53^d
Yes	41	1	2.4 (0.6-12.6)
Pig
No	178	3	1.7 (0.6-4.8)	-	1.00^d
Yes	8	0	0.0 (0.0-33.6)
Wild animal
No	180	3	1.7 (0.6-4.8)	-	1.00^d
Yes	7	0	0.0 (0.0-36.9)
What is the food source to the animal(s)?
Animal food (kibble)
No	11	1	9.1 (2.1-38.5)	0.1 (0.0-1.4)	0.17^d
Yes	169	2	1.2 (0.4-4.2)
Homemade food
No	128	2	1.6 (0.5-5.5)	1.3 (0.1-14.2)	1.00^d
Yes	51	1	2.0 (0.5-10.3)
Leftovers
No	179	3	1.7 (0.6-4.8)	-	1.00^d
Yes	0	0	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Raw meat
No	172	3	1.7 (0.6-5.0)	-	1.00^d
Yes	7	0	0.0 (0.0-36.9)
Where does the animal stay?
Home (all day)	123	1	0.8 (0.2-4.4)	-	0.06^d
Street (all day)	5	1	20.0 (4.3-64.1)
Home + Street	47	1	2.1 (0.5-11.1)
If at home, where does the animal stay?
Inside home	68	2	2.9 (0.9-10.1)	-	0.65^d
Backyard	97	1	1.0 (0.2-5.6)
Inside home + backyard	11	0	0.0 (0.0-26.5)
Have you already found rats at home?
No	96	0	0.0 (0.0-3.7)	-	0.14^d
Yes	130	4	3.1 (1.2-7.6)

Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT Caixa Postal 118, 38001-970 Uberaba MG Brazil, Tel.: +55 34 3318-5255 / +55 34 3318-5636/ +55 34 3318-5287, http://rsbmt.org.br/ - Uberaba - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rsbmt@uftm.edu.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Helio Langoni. e-mail:helio.langoni@unesp.br