Essays on trachoma vaccination, chemotherapy and microorganism isolation trials in Brazil are discussed. The essays on vaccination were performed in areas of Northern Paraná, Belém do Pará and Ceará. The vaccine, kindly given by Farmitalia, Milano, was the same employed by Bietti et al. in their work in Ethiopia. Results were compared with a placebo and were found satisfactory, showing 100% protection rate and 65% cure rate. Sulfametoxipirazine, given once weekly (40 mg/kg body weight) produced cure in about 84% of the cases. It was tried in Belém do Pará. Vaccine and sulfa results were evaluated within 7-9 months after beginning of treatment. Checking and evaluation of the results were done following a double blind procedure, according to recommendations of the WHO. Conjunctival scrapings frorn infected eyes were cultivated in chick embryo, at first in the Farmitalia Research Laboratories, (Milan) and now in the Micróbiology Institute of the University of Rio de Janeiro, showing positive cultures for Chlamydia. Immunological studies are in course, aiming better knowledge of a Brazilian strain. It seems that vaccination, either alone or together with sulfa tnerapy, may be a valuable help in trachoma control.