ABSTRACT

The presence of persistent left superior vena cava to the left atrium connection without an innominate vein may give rise to technical challenges during intracardiac repair. In this report, the end-to-side anastomosis technique of the persistent left superior vena cava to the right superior vena cava is discussed in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot associated with persistent left superior vena cava draining directly into the left atrium. A successful end-to-side anastomosis between the persistent left superior vena cava and the right superior vena cava was performed and short-term anastomosis patency was documented via angiography.

Keywords:
Congenital Heart Defects; Hemodynamics; Superior Vena Cava; Left Atrium; Surgical Anastomosis; Cardiac Surgical Procedures

INTRODUCTION

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital thoracic venous system abnormality (0.3-0.5%). In congenital heart patients, the incidence increases approximately ten times and reaches 4.5%. PLSVC is observed in 20% of the patients with tetralogy of Fallot. This association can often be determined by preoperative examinations. However, occasionally, preoperative tests may be insufficient in the diagnosis of this association. The presence of PLSVC to the left atrium connection without an innominate vein may give rise to technical challenges during intracardiac repair when not determined prior to surgical intervention. In such situations, the surgeon should be aware of intra or extracardiac re-routing procedures to facilitate the intracardiac repair and eliminate the right-to-left shunt. In this case report, we will discuss the pros and cons of the end-to-side anastomosis technique of PLSVC to the right superior vena cava (SVC), which is an alternative extracardiac re-routing procedure, in a pediatric patient with tetralogy of Fallot who was admitted to the emergency department with a cyanotic spell attack.

Case Presentation

A 9-year-old girl was admitted to the emergency department with a deteriorated medical condition, agitation, and deep cyanosis. The patient’s oxygen saturation was 40%, and the diagnosis was confirmed as tetralogy of Fallot with severe infundibular and valvular stenosis via transthoracic echocardiography. Due to the patient’s advanced age, emergency cardiac catheterization was performed to evaluate additional abnormalities. No additional abnormalities were detected via cardiac catheterization.

The patient was urgently operated on to complete repair of the tetralogy of Fallot after obtaining written informed consent.

During the operation, PLSVC was detected, and there was no left innominate vein between the right and left SVC. The diameter of the PLSVC was equal to that of the right SVC, and it was coursing posterior to the left atrial appendage and in front of the left pulmonary artery. Considering the most common anatomy, we anticipated that the PLSVC would drain into the coronary sinus and planned to aspirate it through the coronary sinus during the operation.

Right atriotomy was performed after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest. The coronary sinus was visualized in its normal localization and was of normal diameter. The right atrial septum was then incised, and the left atrium was inspected. The PLSVC was temporarily occluded. Inspection of the left atrium revealed that the roof of the coronary sinus was intact, and that the PLSVC was connected to the left atrium directly. Since the diameter of the PLSVC was about the same size as the right SVC, and the measured proximal pressure was 40 mmHg during temporary occlusion, a re-routing procedure for PLSVC became mandatory.

Due to the concern that the ischemic time would increase, we decided to divert the PLSVC drainage to the systemic venous system via an extracardiac route. Complete repair of the tetralogy of Fallot was performed with a transannular patch. Following cross-clamp removal, the PLSVC was transected from the left atrium, and all its proximal branches were ligated and divided under cardiopulmonary bypass support. Then the proximal part of the right SVC was dissected entirely free. The PLSVC was redirected to the right side over the anterosuperior aspect of the ascending aorta, and end-to-side anastomosis to the right SVC was performed. (Figure 1). No kinking or tension was observed on the suture line of the anastomosis.

Fig. 1
Persistent left superior vena cava was carried over the ascending aorta and anastomosis was performed to the medial aspect of right superior vena cava. Black arrow=persistent left superior vena cava; yellow arrow=right superior vena cava; L=left; R=right

Computed tomography angiography and cardiac catheterization prior to discharge showed that the PLSVC and the anastomosis were patent, and there was no sign of stenosis or thrombosis (Figures 2 and 3). Postoperative recovery of the patient was uneventful, and the patient was discharged with warfarin anticoagulation on the postoperative 5th day without any complications.

Fig. 2
Computed tomography angiographic image of the persistent left superior vena cava. Black arrow=patent persistent left superior vena cava and anastomosis; star=proximal part of clavicula (patient has pectus carinatum deformity); LP=left posterior; RA=right anterior

Fig. 3
Postoperative cardiac catheterization. Yellow arrow=persistent left superior vena cava; red arrow=patent persistent left superior vena cava - right superior vena cava anastomosis; star=ligated stump of hemiazygos vein

After one month of discharge, the patient showed no symptoms of venous stasis. Currently, the patient is asymptomatic on the 6th postoperative month. Timeline of the case report has been presented in the Table 1.

DISCUSSION

Systemic venous system abnormalities are generally benign anatomical structures that do not cause hemodynamic disturbances. However, sometimes these abnormalities can cause serious hemodynamic consequences on their own or in conjunction with additional congenital pathologies and may need to be corrected. Detection of these abnormalities prior to congenital heart surgery may provide the application of various surgical modifications during the operation.

PLSVC drains into the coronary sinus in 90% of all cases, and in only 8% of cases, the PLSVC is directly connected to the left atrium. The association of this situation with tetralogy of Fallot is much rarer. There are limited number of case reports describing this association in the literature[¹1 Ramman TR, Dutta N, Chowdhuri KR, Agrawal S, Girotra S, Azad S, et al. Left superior vena cava draining into left atrium in tetralogy of fallot-four cases of a rare association. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(4):NP120-4. doi:10.1177/2150135117742625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135117742625... ].

In cases where PLSVC drains directly into the left atrium, multiple surgical options are available. Ligation of PLSVC[¹1 Ramman TR, Dutta N, Chowdhuri KR, Agrawal S, Girotra S, Azad S, et al. Left superior vena cava draining into left atrium in tetralogy of fallot-four cases of a rare association. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(4):NP120-4. doi:10.1177/2150135117742625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135117742625... ], intra-atrial baffle formation[²2 Fuchigami T, Nishioka M, Akashige T, Nagata N. A surgical integration technique for right-sided and left-sided superior venae cavae. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(3):e63-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201... ], transection of PLSVC with left atrial tissue and implantation to the right atrium[³3 Kawada N, Yamagishi M, Morita K, Kanazawa T, Nakamura Y. Extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava in the left isomerism heart. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;52(2):88-90. doi:10.1007/s11748-004-0092-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-004-0092-... ], end-to-side anastomosis of PLSVC to the left pulmonary artery[⁴4 Komai H, Naito Y, Fujiwara K. Operative technique for persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(4):1188-90. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(96)00362-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(96)003... ], a graft interposition between PLSVC and the right atrium[⁵5 Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Hanley FL. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(6):1800-2. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83867-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83... ], forming an intra-atrial conduit with an inverted left atrial appendage flap[⁶6 van Son JA, Hambsch J, Mohr FW. Repair of complex unroofed coronary sinus by anastomosis of left to right superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):280-1. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01267-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01... ], and performing end-to-side anastomosis to the right SVC under or over the aortic arch[⁷7 Vargas FJ. Reconstructive methods for anomalous systemic venous return: surgical management of persistent left superior vena cava. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2008:31-8. doi:10.1053/j.pcsu.2008.01.007.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.pcsu.2008.01.0... ] are the surgical techniques reported in the literature[²2 Fuchigami T, Nishioka M, Akashige T, Nagata N. A surgical integration technique for right-sided and left-sided superior venae cavae. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(3):e63-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201...

3 Kawada N, Yamagishi M, Morita K, Kanazawa T, Nakamura Y. Extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava in the left isomerism heart. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;52(2):88-90. doi:10.1007/s11748-004-0092-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-004-0092-...

4 Komai H, Naito Y, Fujiwara K. Operative technique for persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(4):1188-90. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(96)00362-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(96)003...

5 Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Hanley FL. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(6):1800-2. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83867-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83...

6 van Son JA, Hambsch J, Mohr FW. Repair of complex unroofed coronary sinus by anastomosis of left to right superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):280-1. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01267-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01... -⁷7 Vargas FJ. Reconstructive methods for anomalous systemic venous return: surgical management of persistent left superior vena cava. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2008:31-8. doi:10.1053/j.pcsu.2008.01.007.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.pcsu.2008.01.0... ]. Complex congenital pathologies are additionally detected in almost all cases where PLSVC is attached to the left atrium[¹1 Ramman TR, Dutta N, Chowdhuri KR, Agrawal S, Girotra S, Azad S, et al. Left superior vena cava draining into left atrium in tetralogy of fallot-four cases of a rare association. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(4):NP120-4. doi:10.1177/2150135117742625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135117742625... ]. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate each anatomical structure individually and to decide the most appropriate surgical technique to perform according to this anatomical structure.

In our patient, we preferred to perform an end-to-side direct anastomosis of the PLSVC to the right SVC for the following reasons:[¹1 Ramman TR, Dutta N, Chowdhuri KR, Agrawal S, Girotra S, Azad S, et al. Left superior vena cava draining into left atrium in tetralogy of fallot-four cases of a rare association. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(4):NP120-4. doi:10.1177/2150135117742625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135117742625... ]the accurate diagnosis of the patient was confirmed during the cross-clamping period[²2 Fuchigami T, Nishioka M, Akashige T, Nagata N. A surgical integration technique for right-sided and left-sided superior venae cavae. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(3):e63-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201... ], and the possibility of performing the anastomosis after complete repair and during the rewarming period on the beating heart[³3 Kawada N, Yamagishi M, Morita K, Kanazawa T, Nakamura Y. Extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava in the left isomerism heart. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;52(2):88-90. doi:10.1007/s11748-004-0092-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-004-0092-... ]. We had some concerns regarding the possible complications of intra-atrial baffle formation and extracardiac graft interposition techniques. In previous studies, it has been reported that the long-term patency of intra-atrial baffle formation is questionable due to the use of non-growing material and that it may become stenotic. Beside this, due to the lack of growth potential, extracardiac graft interposition is also not applicable for young children[¹1 Ramman TR, Dutta N, Chowdhuri KR, Agrawal S, Girotra S, Azad S, et al. Left superior vena cava draining into left atrium in tetralogy of fallot-four cases of a rare association. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(4):NP120-4. doi:10.1177/2150135117742625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135117742625... ,⁴4 Komai H, Naito Y, Fujiwara K. Operative technique for persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(4):1188-90. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(96)00362-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(96)003... ]. In addition, these grafts may be compressed between the sternum and the aorta.

In their cohort studies, van Son et al.[⁶6 van Son JA, Hambsch J, Mohr FW. Repair of complex unroofed coronary sinus by anastomosis of left to right superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):280-1. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01267-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01... ], Ugaki et al.[⁸8 Ugaki S, Kasahara S, Fujii Y, Sano S. Anatomical repair of a persistent left superior vena cava into the left atrium. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11(2):199-201. doi:10.1510/icvts.2009.230581.
https://doi.org/10.1510/icvts.2009.23058... ], and Cesnjevar et al.[⁹9 Cesnjevar RA, Harig F, Dietz M, Alkassar M, Waellisch W, Rueffer A, et al. Growth of hypoplastic mitral valves in hypoplastic left heart complex and similar constellations after anatomical left superior vena cava correction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;59(1):236-43. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezaa286.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa286... ] showed that anatomic end-to-side anastomosis of PLSVC to the right SVC, anterior to the aortic arch, is a safe, feasible, and reproducible technique. Kawada et al.[³3 Kawada N, Yamagishi M, Morita K, Kanazawa T, Nakamura Y. Extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava in the left isomerism heart. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;52(2):88-90. doi:10.1007/s11748-004-0092-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-004-0092-... ] and Reddy et al.[⁵5 Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Hanley FL. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(6):1800-2. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83867-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)83... ] performed the anastomosis by redirecting the PLSVC under the aortic arc. Since PLSVC runs through the mediastinum more posteriorly than the right SVC, they suggested a more natural connection between the two SVCs could be achieved. The authors state that while performing this procedure, one must be sure that there is sufficient space between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta. Otherwise, the PLSVC may be compressed between these two structures.

Since the ascending aorta of the patient was dilated due to aortopathy (ascending aorta: 2.8 cm; Z-score: +3.79), we anticipated that the redirection of the PLSVC between the patient’s aorta and the main pulmonary artery, which was augmented transannularly, would also cause compression. As defined in the literature, the vena cava was extensively dissected free, and proximal branches were ligated and separated[²2 Fuchigami T, Nishioka M, Akashige T, Nagata N. A surgical integration technique for right-sided and left-sided superior venae cavae. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(3):e63-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201... ,⁶6 van Son JA, Hambsch J, Mohr FW. Repair of complex unroofed coronary sinus by anastomosis of left to right superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):280-1. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01267-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01... ,¹⁰10 Chihara S, Yasunaga H, Todo K. Anastomosis of left to right superior vena cava for repair of unroofed coronary sinus. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60(4):244-6. doi:10.1007/s11748-011-0815-z.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-011-0815-... ], thus, approximately 3.5-4 cm of the PLSVC length was obtained. The PLSVC was transected from the left atrium roof and redirected over the anterosuperior part of the ascending aorta. Anastomosis was comfortably performed to the medial wall of the right SVC. No kinking or tension was observed in the anastomosis.

The most significant disadvantage of this technique is the lack of knowledge concerning long-term vascular patency. In the literature, the longest follow-up period was 2.4 years[⁹9 Cesnjevar RA, Harig F, Dietz M, Alkassar M, Waellisch W, Rueffer A, et al. Growth of hypoplastic mitral valves in hypoplastic left heart complex and similar constellations after anatomical left superior vena cava correction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;59(1):236-43. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezaa286.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa286... ]. Studies with a longer follow-up period and larger patient cohorts are required to prove the durability of PLSVC and patency of anastomosis.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there are multiple surgical options for patients with PLSVC draining directly into the left atrium. All these surgical techniques have their own shortcomings. Considering the sample cases in the literature, we believe that end-to-side direct anastomosis of the PLSVC to the right SVC might be a safe and applicable technique for pediatric patients with PLSVC draining into the left atrium.

REFERENCES

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