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Carrot or stick?: an investigation into motivation orientations in learning English among Hong Kong Chinese students

Recompensa ou punição?: uma investigação sobre orientações motivacionais na aprendizagem de inglês de alunos chineses em Hong Kong

Abstracts

This paper publishes the results of a study of Hong Kong Chinese upper secondary students (Form 4 and Form 6) regarding their motivation orientations for learning English. The study analysed male and females student groups using Gardner and Lambert's (1972) 'extrinsic and intrinsic motivation' theoretical framework in order to elicit the most revealing results from the data. Findings will have meaningful implications for pedagogy, helping educators identify strategies more appropriate to distinct Chinese-speaking second-language student groups.

extrinsic motivation orientation; intrinsic motivation orientation; Gardner


Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo realizado com estudantes chineses do ensino médio, tendo em vista suas orientações motivacionais para aprender inglês. O estudo analisou grupos de estudantes femininos e masculinos, tendo como suporte teórico o conceito de "motivação extrínsica e intrínsica" de Gardner e Lambert (1972). Estes resultados terão implicações pedagógicas significativas, ajudando os educadores a identificar estratégias mais apropriadas para grupos diferentes de estudantes chineses de segunda língua.

orientação motivacional extrínsica; orientação motivacional intrínsica; Gardner


ARTIGOS

Carrot or stick? An investigation into motivation orientations in learning English among Hong Kong Chinese students

Recompensa ou punição? Uma investigação sobre orientações motivacionais na aprendizagem de inglês de alunos chineses em Hong Kong

Ruth Wong

Hong Kong Institute of Education, E-mail: wongmh@ied.edu.hk

ABSTRACT

This paper publishes the results of a study of Hong Kong Chinese upper secondary students (Form 4 and Form 6) regarding their motivation orientations for learning English. The study analysed male and females student groups using Gardner and Lambert's (1972) 'extrinsic and intrinsic motivation' theoretical framework in order to elicit the most revealing results from the data. Findings will have meaningful implications for pedagogy, helping educators identify strategies more appropriate to distinct Chinese-speaking second-language student groups.

Keywords: extrinsic motivation orientation, intrinsic motivation orientation, Gardner.

RESUMO

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo realizado com estudantes chineses do ensino médio, tendo em vista suas orientações motivacionais para aprender inglês. O estudo analisou grupos de estudantes femininos e masculinos, tendo como suporte teórico o conceito de "motivação extrínsica e intrínsica" de Gardner e Lambert (1972). Estes resultados terão implicações pedagógicas significativas, ajudando os educadores a identificar estratégias mais apropriadas para grupos diferentes de estudantes chineses de segunda língua.

Palavras-chave: orientação motivacional extrínsica, orientação motivacional intrínsica, Gardner.

Texto completo do artigo disponível apenas em PDF.

Article full text available only in PDF format.

References

Ames, C. Competitive, cooperative and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive motivational analysis. In: Ames, R.; Ames, C. (Ed.). Research in Motivation in Education. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1984. p. 177-207.

Atkinson, J. W.; Feather, N. T. (Ed.). A Theory of Achievement Motivation. New York: Robert E. Krieger, 1966.

Bandura, A. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, v. 28, p. 117-48, 1993.

Bar-Tal, D., Goldberg, M.; Knanni, A. Causes of success an failure and their dimensions as a function of SES and gender: A phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, v. 54, p. 51-61, 1984.

Basow, S. A.; Medcalf, K. L. Academic achievement and attributions among college students: Effects of gender and sex typing. Sex Roles, v. 19, n. 9/10, p. 555-567, 1988.

Baer, J. Gender differences in the effects of anticipated evaluation on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, v. 10, n. 1, p. 25-31, 1997.

Boggiano, A. K.; Barrett, M. Gender differences in depression in children as a function of motivational orientation. Sex Roles, v. 26, n. 1-2, p. 11-17, 1992.

Bond, M. H. (Ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Hong Kong: New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Brandon, P. R. Gender Differences in Educational Attainment among Asian Americans in the High- School-and-Beyond Senior-Cohort Third Follow-Up Survey. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Boston, MA, April 16-20, 1990).

Chandler, T. A.; Shama, D. D.; Wolf, F. M.; Planchard, S. K. Multi-attributional causality: A five national samples study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, v. 12, p. 207-221, 1981.

Clement, R. Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In: Giles, H.; Robinson, W. P.; Smith, P. M. (Ed.). Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, 1980. p. 147-154.

Condry, J.; Chambers, J. Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning. In: Lepper, M. R.; Greene, D. (Ed.). The Hidden Costs of Rewards. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978. p. 61-84.

Deci, E. L.; Ryan, R. M. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

Dornyei, Z. Motivation and motivating in foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 273-284, 1994.

Dornyei, Z. Teaching and Researching Motivation. London: Longman, 2001.

Eccles, J. S.; Wigfield, A. In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents' achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 21, p. 215-225, 1995.

Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Erkut, S. Exploring sex differences in expectancy, attribution, and academic achievement. Sex Roles, v. 9, n. 2, p. 217-231, 1983.

Gardner, R. C.; Lambert, W. E. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1972.

Gardner, R. C. Social Psychology and Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Ontario: Edward Arnold, 1985.

Gardner, R. C. Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal of the Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(2), p. 19-42, 1996.

Gardner, R. C. Language Learning Motivation: the student, the teacher, and the researcher. Texas Papers ion Foreign Language Education, v. 6, p. 1-18, 2001.

Giles, H.; Byrne, J. L. An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, v. 3, p. 17-40, 1982.

Giovanni, M.; SIU, C. M. Y. Trait intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, academic performance, and creativity in Hong Kong college students, Sep/Oct, 2002. Journal of College Student Development. Disponível em: <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200209/ai_n9132496>. Accesso em: 20 June 2008.

Hagborg, W. J. Gender and Motivational Orientation among High School Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (New York, NY, August 1995).

Jakobsson, A. K. Motivation and Learning from a Gender Perspective. A study of students at gymnasium in theoretical program. An unpublished thesis of Göteborg, Göteborgs Universitet: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2000.

Kinicki, A. J.; Grieffeth, R. W. The impact of sex-role stereotypes on performance ratings and casual attributions of performance. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, v. 27, p. 155-366, 1985.

Locke, E. A.; Lathan, G. P. Goal setting theory. In: O'NEIL, H F, Jr; Drillings, M. (Ed.). Motivation: Theory and Research, 1994. p. 13-29.

Luk, J. C. M.; LIN, A. M. Y. Classroom Interactions as Cross-Cultural Encounters: native speakers in EFL lessons. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2007

McHuge, M. C.; Fisher, J. E.; Frieze, I. H. Effect of situational factors on the sled-attributions of females and makes. Sex Roles, v. 8, n. 4, p. 389-397, 1982.

Meece, J. L.; Jones, M. G. Gender differences in motivation and strategy use in science: Are girls rote learners? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 33, n. 4, p. 393-406, 1996.

Niemivirta, M. Gender Differences in Motivational-Cognitive Patterns of Self-Regulated Learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 24-28, 1997).

Nilsson, K.; Stomberg, M. I. W. Nursing students motivation toward their studies - a survey study. BMC Nursing 7(6). Disponível em: <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/7/6>. Acesso em: 20 June 2008.

Noel, K. A.; Pelletier, L. G.; Clement, P.; Vallerand, R. J. Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, v. 50, n. 1, p. 57-85, 2000.

Oxford, R. L.; Nyikos, M. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies: A pilot study. Modern Language Journal, v. 73, p. 291-300, 1989.

Oxford, R. L.; Shearin, J. Language learning motivation: expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 12-28, 1994.

Pintrich, P. R.; Schunk, D. H. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research and Application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.

Post, R. D. Casual explanations of male and female academic performance as a function of sex-role biases. Sex Roles, v. 7, n. 7, p. 691-698, 1981.

Salili, F. Explaining Chinese motivation and achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. In: Maehr, M. L.; Pintrich, P. R. (Ed.). Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1995.

Schumann, J. H. The acculturation model for second language acquisition. In: Gingras, R. (Ed.). Second Language Acquisition and Fore, 1978.

Skaalvik, S.; Skaalvik, E. M. Gender differences in math and verbal self-concept, performance expectations, and motivation. Sex Roles, v. 50, n. 3/4, p. 241-52, 2004.

Sweeney, P. D.; Anderson, K.; Bailey, S. Attribution style in depression: A meta-analystic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 38, p. 254-274, 1986.

Ushioda, E. Motivation as a socially mediated process. In: Little, D.; Ridley, J.; Ushioda, E. (Ed.). Learner Autonomy in the Foreign Language Classroom: teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment. Dublin: Authentik, 2003. p.90-102.

Wang, J.; Staver, J. R. An empirical study of gender differences in Chinese students' science achievement. Journal of Educational Research, v. 90, n. 4, p. 252-55, 1997.

Weiner, B. A Theory of Motivation for some Classroom Experiences. Journal of Education Psychology, v. 71, p. 3-25, 1979.

Williams, M.; Burden, R. Psychology for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Wolleat, P. L.; Pedro, J. D.; Becker, A. D.; Fennema, E. (1980). Sex differences in high school students' casual attributions of performance in mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, v. 11, n. 5, p. 356-366, 1980.

Recebido em 10/03/09.

Aprovado em 16/06/09.

  • Ames, C. Competitive, cooperative and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive motivational analysis. In: Ames, R.; Ames, C. (Ed.). Research in Motivation in Education Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1984. p. 177-207.
  • Atkinson, J. W.; Feather, N. T. (Ed.). A Theory of Achievement Motivation. New York: Robert E. Krieger, 1966.
  • Bandura, A. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, v. 28, p. 117-48, 1993.
  • Bar-Tal, D., Goldberg, M.; Knanni, A. Causes of success an failure and their dimensions as a function of SES and gender: A phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, v. 54, p. 51-61, 1984.
  • Basow, S. A.; Medcalf, K. L. Academic achievement and attributions among college students: Effects of gender and sex typing. Sex Roles, v. 19, n. 9/10, p. 555-567, 1988.
  • Baer, J. Gender differences in the effects of anticipated evaluation on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, v. 10, n. 1, p. 25-31, 1997.
  • Boggiano, A. K.; Barrett, M. Gender differences in depression in children as a function of motivational orientation. Sex Roles, v. 26, n. 1-2, p. 11-17, 1992.
  • Bond, M. H. (Ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology Hong Kong: New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Brandon, P. R. Gender Differences in Educational Attainment among Asian Americans in the High- School-and-Beyond Senior-Cohort Third Follow-Up Survey. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Boston, MA, April 16-20, 1990).
  • Chandler, T. A.; Shama, D. D.; Wolf, F. M.; Planchard, S. K. Multi-attributional causality: A five national samples study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, v. 12, p. 207-221, 1981.
  • Clement, R. Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In: Giles, H.; Robinson, W. P.; Smith, P. M. (Ed.). Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, 1980. p. 147-154.
  • Condry, J.; Chambers, J. Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning. In: Lepper, M. R.; Greene, D. (Ed.). The Hidden Costs of Rewards New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978. p. 61-84.
  • Deci, E. L.; Ryan, R. M. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.
  • Dornyei, Z. Motivation and motivating in foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 273-284, 1994.
  • Dornyei, Z. Teaching and Researching Motivation London: Longman, 2001.
  • Eccles, J. S.; Wigfield, A. In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents' achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 21, p. 215-225, 1995.
  • Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Erkut, S. Exploring sex differences in expectancy, attribution, and academic achievement. Sex Roles, v. 9, n. 2, p. 217-231, 1983.
  • Gardner, R. C.; Lambert, W. E. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1972.
  • Gardner, R. C. Social Psychology and Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Ontario: Edward Arnold, 1985.
  • Gardner, R. C. Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal of the Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(2), p. 19-42, 1996.
  • Gardner, R. C. Language Learning Motivation: the student, the teacher, and the researcher. Texas Papers ion Foreign Language Education, v. 6, p. 1-18, 2001.
  • Giles, H.; Byrne, J. L. An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, v. 3, p. 17-40, 1982.
  • Giovanni, M.; SIU, C. M. Y. Trait intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, academic performance, and creativity in Hong Kong college students, Sep/Oct, 2002. Journal of College Student Development. Disponível em: <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200209/ai_n9132496>. Accesso em: 20 June 2008.
  • Hagborg, W. J. Gender and Motivational Orientation among High School Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (New York, NY, August 1995).
  • Jakobsson, A. K. Motivation and Learning from a Gender Perspective. A study of students at gymnasium in theoretical program. An unpublished thesis of Göteborg, Göteborgs Universitet: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2000.
  • Kinicki, A. J.; Grieffeth, R. W. The impact of sex-role stereotypes on performance ratings and casual attributions of performance. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, v. 27, p. 155-366, 1985.
  • Locke, E. A.; Lathan, G. P. Goal setting theory. In: O'NEIL, H F, Jr; Drillings, M. (Ed.). Motivation: Theory and Research, 1994. p. 13-29.
  • Luk, J. C. M.; LIN, A. M. Y. Classroom Interactions as Cross-Cultural Encounters: native speakers in EFL lessons. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2007
  • McHuge, M. C.; Fisher, J. E.; Frieze, I. H. Effect of situational factors on the sled-attributions of females and makes. Sex Roles, v. 8, n. 4, p. 389-397, 1982.
  • Meece, J. L.; Jones, M. G. Gender differences in motivation and strategy use in science: Are girls rote learners? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 33, n. 4, p. 393-406, 1996.
  • Niemivirta, M. Gender Differences in Motivational-Cognitive Patterns of Self-Regulated Learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 24-28, 1997).
  • Nilsson, K.; Stomberg, M. I. W. Nursing students motivation toward their studies - a survey study. BMC Nursing 7(6). Disponível em: <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/7/6>. Acesso em: 20 June 2008.
  • Noel, K. A.; Pelletier, L. G.; Clement, P.; Vallerand, R. J. Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, v. 50, n. 1, p. 57-85, 2000.
  • Oxford, R. L.; Nyikos, M. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies: A pilot study. Modern Language Journal, v. 73, p. 291-300, 1989.
  • Oxford, R. L.; Shearin, J. Language learning motivation: expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 12-28, 1994.
  • Pintrich, P. R.; Schunk, D. H. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research and Application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
  • Post, R. D. Casual explanations of male and female academic performance as a function of sex-role biases. Sex Roles, v. 7, n. 7, p. 691-698, 1981.
  • Salili, F. Explaining Chinese motivation and achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. In: Maehr, M. L.; Pintrich, P. R. (Ed.). Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1995.
  • Schumann, J. H. The acculturation model for second language acquisition. In: Gingras, R. (Ed.). Second Language Acquisition and Fore, 1978.
  • Skaalvik, S.; Skaalvik, E. M. Gender differences in math and verbal self-concept, performance expectations, and motivation. Sex Roles, v. 50, n. 3/4, p. 241-52, 2004.
  • Sweeney, P. D.; Anderson, K.; Bailey, S. Attribution style in depression: A meta-analystic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 38, p. 254-274, 1986.
  • Ushioda, E. Motivation as a socially mediated process. In: Little, D.; Ridley, J.; Ushioda, E. (Ed.). Learner Autonomy in the Foreign Language Classroom: teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment. Dublin: Authentik, 2003. p.90-102.
  • Wang, J.; Staver, J. R. An empirical study of gender differences in Chinese students' science achievement. Journal of Educational Research, v. 90, n. 4, p. 252-55, 1997.
  • Weiner, B. A Theory of Motivation for some Classroom Experiences. Journal of Education Psychology, v. 71, p. 3-25, 1979.
  • Williams, M.; Burden, R. Psychology for Language Teachers Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Wolleat, P. L.; Pedro, J. D.; Becker, A. D.; Fennema, E. (1980). Sex differences in high school students' casual attributions of performance in mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, v. 11, n. 5, p. 356-366, 1980.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    14 Mar 2013
  • Date of issue
    2010

History

  • Accepted
    16 June 2009
  • Received
    10 Mar 2009
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